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cusTia 230 CUTTY STOOL ley, O., Dec. 5, 1839; graduated at West Point in 1861; and served with distinc- tion during the Civil War, retiring with the rank of Major-General. He after- ward had various cavalry commands in the West, and several times defeated hos- tile Indians. On June 25, 1876, with a force of 1,100 men, he attacked a body of Sioux, afterward found to number some 9,000, encamped on the Little Big Horn, in Montana, and he and his entire com- mand were destroyed. CUSTIS, GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE, an American writer; born in Mt. Airy, Md., April 30, 1781; was the adopted son of George Washington. He wrote "Recollections of George Washing- ton" (1860), and several plays and ora- tions. He died at Arlington House, Fair- fax CO., Va., Oct. 10, 1857. CUSTOMS, indirect taxes levied on goods imported into, or exported from, a country. In the United States export duties are forbidden by the Constitution. The import duties are of five kinds, namely, ad valorem, compound, discrim- inating, minimum, and specific. Ad va- lorem duties are a tax of a certain per- centage of the value of the merchandise. Compound duties are a mixture of specific and ad valorem duties and are applied to manufactured articles, the raw materials of which are dutiable. Dis- criminating duties are additions to the usual rates levied _ on goods imported from certain countries or portions of the world, or imported in vessels of certain nations. Specific duties are a tax of a certain specified sum for each pound or yard, or other unit of measure of the merchandise; usually irrespective of its quality or value, though sometimes it is provided that they shall vary with varia- tions between specified limits of the quantity or value of the goods. CUSTOZZA (kos-tots'a), a village 10 miles S. W. of Verona, where the Italians have twice been utterly defeated by the Austrians. On July 23-25, 1848, Charles Albert was routed after severe fighting by Radetzky with a smaller force, and forced to retreat behind the Mincio; and on June 24, 1866, Victor Emmanuel with 130,000 men was defeated by the Arch- duke Albert with 75,000 men. CUTCH, a state in the W. of India, lying to the S. of Sind; under British protection; area, 6,500 square miles. During the rainy season it is wholly in- sulated by water, the vast salt morass of the Rann separating it on the N. and E. from Sind and the Guicowar's do- minions. Its S. side is formed by the Gulf of Cutch, and on the W. it has the Arabian Sea. The country is subject to violent volcanic action. The date is the only fruit which thrives, and the prin- cipal exports are cotton and horses. The Rann of Cutch, a morass, covers about 9,000 square miles, and is dry during the greater part of the year. Pop. of the state about 525,000. CUTHEERT, ST., a celebrated father of the early English Church; born, ac- cording to tradition, near Melrose, about 635. He became a monk, and in 664 was appointed prior of Melrose, which after some years he quitted to take a similar charge in the inonastery of Lindisfarne. Still seeking a moic ascetic life, Cuthbert then retired to the desolate isle of Fame. Here the fame of his holiness attracted many great visitors, and he was at last persuaded to accept the bishopric of Hexham, which he, however, resigned two years after, again retiring to his hermitage in the island of Fame, where he died in 687. The anniversary of his death was a great festival in the Eng- lish Church. CUTTING, MARY STEWART (DOUBLEDAY), an American novelist and short-story writer; born in New "">rk City in 1851. While still a girl, she wrote verse for "Lippincott's." In 1875 she married Charles W. Cutting. Her most important novels were : "Little Stories of Married Life" (1902) ; "The Wayfarers" (1908) ; "Just for Two" (1909) ; "The Lovers of Sanna" (1912); "Refractory Husbands" (1913). CUTTING, R(OBERT) FULTON, an American financier; born in New York City in 1852. He graduated from Colum- bia in the class of 1871, and later en- tered the field of municipal reform in New York City. In 1892 he became president of the Association for Improv- ing the Condition of the Poor, and in 1899 he was elected president of the New York Trade School Association, a position he still holds. He has also con- tributed largely to the support of the Bureau of Municipal Research in New York City. CUTTLEFISH, a genus and family of cephalopodous moUusks of the order Dibranchiata . The body is oblong and depressed, sack-like, with two nan-ow lateral fins of similar substance with the mantle; the whole shell is light and porous. The eyes are very large, and the head is furnished with eight arms, each of which has four rows of suckers and two long tentacles expanded and furnished with suckers on one side at the extremity. CUTTY STOOL, a low stool, the stool of repentance, a seat formerly set apart