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GOLDEN 63 COLENSO GOLDEN, GADWALLADER, an American scientist and colonial official; born in Dunse, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1688. He was graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1705, and emigrated to the American colonies in 1708. He de- voted himself to botany and astronomy and also to public affairs, becoming sur- veyor-general of New York and presi- dent of the council. He sided with the crown in the contest over the stamp act. Among his correspondents were Franklin and Linnaeus, and he wrote "Cause of Gravitation" and "History of the Five Indian Nations." He died on Long Is- land, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1776. COLD HARBOR, a village in Hanover CO., Va., 2 miles N. E. of Chickahominy Creek, and 9 miles N. E. of Richmond. It is noted as the scene of two battles during the Civil War: June 3, 1864, be- tween the Confederates under General Lee and the Federals under General Grant; and a smaller encounter, June 27, 1862, at Gaines' Mill, at this place. COL DI LANA, a pass in the Alps of Trentino captured in a forward attack on the Austrians by the Italians, on April 17, 1916. It was retaken by the Aus- trians during the drive down the Tren- tino in May, which was not stopped by the Italians till the middle of the follow- ing month at the northern edge of the Val d'Assa and the Asiago basin. COLD STORAGE, the method now generally employed to preserve perish- able articles of food by the air of freez- ing machines, which reduce the tempera- ture of the air. Cold storage warehouses are found in all large cities, and have proved of great value in keeping fruits and meats in an unchanged condition from one season to the other. This method is also used on cars and ships transporting perishable material COLDSTREAM, a town of Berwick- shire, Scotland, 15 miles S. W. of Ber- wick, on the Tweed, over which there is a fine bridge by Smeaton (1766). At Coldstream was the famous ford by which Edward I. entered Scotland in 1296, and near which he met the Scottish nobles, to settle the dispute about the crown of Scotland. By this ford also the Scots invaded England in 1640. Being convenient as a border town, Coldstream, like Gretna Green and Laniberton toll- bar near Berwick, was formerly cele- brated for its clandestine marriages. COLDWATER, a city and county-seat of Branch co., Mich., on Coldwater river, and the Lake Shore and Michigan South- ern railroad, 156 miles E. of Chicago. The Coldwater river supplies power for the various manufacturing establish- ments. It is the seat of the State School for Dependent Children, and has a park, two libraries, a high school, several news- papers, and National banks. Pop. (1910) 5,945; (1920) 6,114. COLE, THOMAS, an American land- scape painter; born in Lancashire, Eng- land, Feb. 1, 1801. His father, a woolen manufacturer, came to the United States when Thomas was 18 years old, and set- tled in Steubenville, O. Thomas worked in his father's shop for two years, but the coming of a portrait-painter to the village made him wish to be an artist. After a few lessons he set to work to paint pictures, and traveled for a while painting portraits and landscapes. In New York, by hard work, he succeeded in becoming one of the best American landscape painters. He was enabled to go to Europe and study the old masters. Among his best pictures are the five called "The Course of Empire" and the four "The Voyage of Life." He died in Catskill, N. Y., February, 1848. COLE, TIMOTHY, an English wood- engraver; born in London, April 6, 1852. He early came to the United States, and established himself as an engraver, first in Chicago, and afterward in New York, where he pursued his calling with much success. In 1883 he went to Europe, and began a series of engravings from the old masters. A series of the old Italian masters was completed in 1892; of the Dutch-Flemish in 1896; of English, 1900; of old Spanish masters, 1902-1907; of French, 1910. From 1914 he was en- gaged on engravings of paintings in American galleries. He received first- class medals from every exposition since 1893. He was author of "Notes on the Old Italian Masters" (1892) ; "Mono- graph on Lives of Dutch Masters" (1896) ; "Notes on English Masters" (1901). COLENSO, JOHN WILLIAM, an Eng- lish clergyman; born in Cornwall, Jan. 24, 1814. In 1846 he was appointed rec- tor of Forncett St. Mary, in the county of Norfolk, and 1854 first Bishop of Natal, South Afi-Jca. In the next year appeared his "Ten Weeks in Natal"; in 1861 his "Translation of the Epistle to the Romans Commented on from a Mis- sionary Point of View"; and "A Letter to His Grace the Archbishop of Canter- bury upon the Question of the Proper Treatment of Cases of Polygamy, as Found Already Existing in Converts from Heathenism." The outcry raised by his professional brethren against the "Letter" was sufficiently loud, but it was nothing to the tempest of disapproba-