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FBYATT 227 FUEL then induced to do so by the preaching of William Savery, an American Friend traveling in England. This change was consummated by her marriage, in 1800, with Joseph Fry, himself a "plain Friend." In 1810 Mrs. Fry joined the ministry, and thenceforward devoted her- self to Christian service. By her exer- tions, important reforms were effected in the prison systems of Great Britain, France and Germany. She died in Rams- gate, Oct. 12, 1845. FRYATT, CHARLES, master mariner, captain of a British merchant steamer which, on being signaled to stop by a German submarine in the North Sea in March, 1916, attempted to ram the sub- marine, so that the latter was compelled to submerge. For this act Captain Fryatt received a gold watch from the British Admiralty on arriving in England and was honorably mentioned in the House of Commons. In the following June Captain Fryatt, while piloting a passenger steam- er across the North Sea, from Rotter- dam to an English port, was captured by a German torpedo boat. A month later he wa_s tried by court-martial at Bruges as a "f ranc-tireur" and sentenced to death, being executed immediately afterward. World-wide indignation was roused by this act on the part of the Germans, who thereby attempted to ter- rorize all skippers of merchant vessels attacked by their submarines into sub- mitting without resistance. FBYE, WILLIAM PIERCE, an American diplomatist; born in Lewiston, Me., Sept. 2, 1831; was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850; and was later admitted to the bar; was a Represent- ative in Congress in 1871-1881. In the latter year he was elected to the United States Senate ; and was re-elected in 1887, 1893, 1900, 1907. He was president pro tem. of the Senate in 1896-1901; was a member of the American-Spanish Peace Ck)mmission in 1898, and after the death of Vice-President Hobart was again elected president pro tem. of the Senate. Senator Frye was for many years a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. He died in 1911. FUCA, STRAIT OF. See JUAN DE FucA, Strait of. FUCHSIA (fii'shya), so named from the discoverer, Leonard Fuchs, a Ger- man botanist, a genus of Onagracse, tribe Fuchseas, of which it is the type. More than 50 species are known; most from the warmer parts of Amei'ica, Mex- ico, Peru, Chile, etc., except two from New Zealand. These beautiful plants are common in gardens, conservatories, and flower pots in windows. The hybrids amount to some hundreds. FUEL, any combustible substance which is used for the production of heat. In this extended sense of the term, alco- hol, wax, tallow, coal-gas, oil, and other inflammable bodies which are occasionally used, especially in the chemical labora- tory, as sources of heat as well as light, might be included under it. But the term fuel is more properly limited to coal, coke, charcoal, wood, and a few other substances, which are our common sources of heat, and as such are burnt in grates, stoves, fireplaces, and furnaces. In this country, as in England, coal, from its abundance and cheapness, is the fuel commonly employed; but in other coun- tries, as France, Germany, etc., wood is chiefly used, either in its original state or in the form of charcoal. But what- ever substance be used, the essential ulti- mate elements of fuel are carbon and hydrogen; and the heat which is evolved by their combustion is derived from their combination at high temperatures with the oxygen of the air; the principal results or products of this combustion are carbonic acid and water, these escap- ing into the atmosphere by the flue or chimney generally attached to furnaces and fireplaces. The different kinds of pit-coal give out variable quantities of heat during their combustion; upon an average, one pound of coal should raise 60 pounds of water from the freezing to its boiling point. The heating power of coke as compared with coal is nearly in the ratio of 75 to 69 : a pound of good coke, heating from 64 to 66 pounds of water from 32° to 212°. A pound of turf will heat about 26 pounds of water from 32° to 212°, and a pound of dense peat about 30 pounds; by compressing and drying peat, its value as a fuel is greatly increased. The following table, by Dr. Ure, shows the quantity of water raised from 32° to 212° by one pound weight of the different combustibles enumerated in the first column; it also shows the number of pounds of boiling water which the same weight of fuel will evaporate and the quantity of atmospheric air absolutely consumed during combustion: Combustible. Dry wood Common wood . Charcoal Pit coal Coke Turt Coal-gas on, wax, tallow Alcohol Pounds of water which a pound can raise from 32° to 212° 35.00 26.00 73.00 60.00 65.00 30.00 76.00 7S.00 52.00 Pounds of boiling water evaporated by one pound 6.36 4.72 13.27 10.90 11.81 5.45 13.81 14.18 9.56 Weight of atmos- pheric air at 32° re- quired to burn one pound. 5.96 4.47 11.46 9.26 11.46 4.60 14.58 15.00 11.60