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FULLEB 229 FULMINATE (1893), and "With the Procession" (1895), "The Puppet-Booth" (1896), "From the Other Side" (1898). short stories; "The Last Refuge" (1900); "Waldo Trench and Others" (1908). FTJLLER, MELVILLE WESTON, an American jurist; bom in Augxista, Me., Feb. 11, 1833; was graduated at Bow- doin College in 1853 ; admitted to the bar in 1855; settled in Chicago, 111., in 1856; and practiced there till 1888. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Con- ventions of 1864, 1872, 1876, and 1880; and was appointed chief-justice of the United States Supreme Court April 30, 1888. In 1904-1905 Great Britain ap- pointed him a commissioner to arbitrate at the Hague Court the case of the French flag at Muscat. He died in 1910. FULLER, SABAH MARGARET. See OssoLi, Marchioness d'. FULLER, THOMAS, an English his- torian; born in June, 1608. He was a presbyter of the Established Church and a prebendary of Salisbury Cathedral. He was a voluminous writer. His works in- clude: "David's Heinous Sin" (1631), a poem; "History of the Holy War" (1639) ; "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine" (1650); "Church History of Britain" (1655). The one work for which he is now esteemed is "The Worthies of Eng- land" (folio, 1662). He died in London, England, Aug. 16, 1661. FULLER'S EARTH, in mineralogy, smectite; an argillaceous earth, used by fullers to absorb the oil or grease with which woolen cloth has been treated dur- ing previous manufacture. Also kaolin- ite. In geology, a stratum belonging to the Lower Oolite, in some instances, ly- ing in certain localities, just below the Great Oolite, while in others it is wholly absent. Its characteristic fossil is an oyster (Ostrea acuminata). In all about 60 mollusca are found in the fuller's earth, 50 being lamellibranchiate bi- valves, 10 bracniopoda, three gastero- pods, and seven or eight cephalopoda. FULLING, a process by which cloth made of a felting fiber is condensed, strengthened, and thickened, with a loss of width and length (see Felt) . In ffelt- ing, the fibers — wool, for instance — slip past each other, and their toothed edees interlock, so that a continuation of the process causes them to be more and more intimately associated. The cloth is folded or rolled and treated with soapy water. It is then beaten with wooden mallets, by which the serrated edges are forced past each other and the fibers closely com- mingled. Precautions are taken in some eases to prevent adherence of the folds of cloth by felting together. For this pur- pose cotton cloth is sometimes put be- tween the folds of woolen cloth. Fulling and felting are dependent upon the same principle. Felted cloth is made by asso- ciating the fibers, and is not woven. Woven cloth exposed to the fulling or felting action is said to be milled. Repeti- tion of the process constitutes it double milled or treble milled, as the case may be. Each milling thickens and solidifies the cloth while diminishing its quantity. FULMINATE, in chemistry, a salt of fulminic acid. Fulminate of mercury is prepared by dissolving 1 part of mercury in 12 parts of nitric acid; the solution is mixed with an equal volume of alcohol when cold. The mixture is then gently heated on a water bath. Red vapors are given off of nitrogen oxides and CO., and a large quantity of nitrous ether, alde- hyde, and other products. When the liquid becomes turbid it is allowed to cool, and the salt separates out; it is purified by recrystallization from boiling water. It forms white needles, which, when heated to 186°, explode, also by friction or percussion when dry. It is used for charging percussion caps; one kilogram of mercury will make fulminate sufficient for 40,000 caps. Fulminates have been regarded as methyl cyanide in which one atom of hydrogen has been replaced by NO.., and two atoms of hy- drogen by mercury or silver. The action of chlorine on mercuric fulminate under water forms chloropicrin, CC1:<(N0..), mercuric chloride HgCl., and cyanogen chloride CnCl. Hot nitric acid decom- poses mercuric fulminate, yielding car- bonic acid, acetic acid, and mercuric nitrate. Hydrochloric acid converts it into mercuric chloride and mercurous oxalate. When boiled with an aqueous solution of potassium chloride it is con- verted into potassium fulminurate. Fulminate of silver is obtained by heating nitrate of silver with strong nitric acid and alcohol till the liquid boils up. It is very dangerous to prepare. It crystallizes in small, white, opaque needles; it is very poisonous, and ex- plodes by friction or percussion, or when heated. It is soluble in aqueous ammonia, and deposits the fulminate unaltered. When silver fulminate is digested with water and metallic copper or zinc, the silver is replaced and copper fulminate or zinc fulminate is obtained. When ful- minate of copper is mixed with ammonia, and a stream of HC gas is passed through the solution, the copper is com- pletely precipitated, and the filtered solu- tion contains hydrosulphocyanic acid and urea. Fulminate of gold was discovered by a monk in the 15th century. This substance, which explodes more rapidly and with greater local force than gun-