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GALLIENI 248 GALLINULINiB and in appreciation of the work done by the French Roman Catholics, both clergy and laity, in behalf of France, more friendly relations between France and the Vatican were re-established. GALLIENI, JOSEPH SIMON. French soldier. He was born at St. Beat, 1849, and after passing through the military academy of St. Cyr, fought as lieutenant in the Franco-German war, distinguish- ing himself in the defense portrayed in "La Derniere Cartouche" of Neuville. In 1880 he procured for France from the Sultan of Segou, though a captive, com- mercial privileges in Upper Nigeria. He A^as made a general for his. later work in GENERAL GALLIENI Indo-China, and after 1896 became gov- erenor-genei-al of Madagascar, deposing Queen Ranavalo. In 1908 he became a member of the Superior War Council. On the breaking out of the World War in 1914 Gallieni was made military gov- ernor of Paris, and his despatch of troops to the aid of General Manoury was in- strumental in checking the Germans at the Marne. As a result, Gallieni was hailed as "savior of Paris." He continued his work as governor of the city for over 14 months, developing its defense, and rushing aid to threatened points in the front line. Toward the close of 1915 he became Minister of War, and was later intrusted with the development of the aviation arm, but a breakdown forced his retirement and he died at Versailles, May 27, 1916. GALLIFET (ga-li-fa), GASTON ALEXANDRE AUGUSTE, MARQUIS DE, a French general; boro in Paris, France, Jan. 23, 1830. He joined the army in April, 1848, and became colonel in December, 1867. He served in the Crimea, Mexico (severely wounded at Puebla, 1863), Algeria (1860-1868). He commanded the 3d Regiment of Chas- seurs d'Afrique, took part with the Army of the Rhine during the Franco-German War, being made prisoner at Sedan, and was promoted to the rank of General of Brigade, Aug. 30, 1870. During the second siege of Paris he commanded a brigade of the Army of Versailles, and was distinguished for severity to the Communard prisoners. In 1872 he was sent to Africa and had a considerable share in the pacification of the unsub- dued tribes. He took charge of the ex- pedition on El-Goliah, executed a rapid march through a desert country and se- verely punished the revolted tribes (De- cember, 1872-March, 1873). On the gen- eral reorganization of the army, the Marquis de Gallifet was named to the command of the 3d Brigade of Infantry of the 8th Army Corps, and of the sub- division of the department of the Cher. Promoted to the rank of General of Division, May 3, 1875, he obtained the command of the 1st Division of Cavalry, and in February, 1879, that of the 9th Regiment. He was decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1855, made oflRcer in 1863, and commander in 1873; Member of the Council of War in 1885, and Min- ister of War in 1899. He died July 8, 1909. GALLINGER, JACOB HAROLD, United States senator from New Hamp- shire, born in Cornwall, Ontario, in 1837. He received an academic education and studied medicine at the Medical Institute of Cincinnati. He engaged in practice in Concord, N. H., in 1862. In 1872 he was elected to the State House of Rep- resentatives and to the State Senate for three years succeeding. He was chair- man of the Republican State Committee from 1882 to 1890, and again from 1898 to 1907. He was elected United States senator in 1891 and was successively re- elected until 1915. He was a member of many important committees, including those of Appropriation, Finance, etc. He was recognized as one of the leading members of the Senate. He died in 1918. GALLINITLIN-ffi (-li'ne), in ornithol- ogy, water hens. A sub-family of Ral- Udse (rails). They have the base of the ridge of the bill dilated into a soft ob- long plate, occupying part of the fore- head. They are aquatic birds, swimming and diving well, feeding on insects, worms, mollusca, besides seeds of grasses and other plants.