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GABRISON 265 GARVIN President Wilson appointed him Secre- tary of War. In Feb., 1916, he resigned from the cabinet because of a serious difference with the President on the ques- tion of the new "Preparedness" program. LINDLEY M. GARRISON He again resumed the practice of law in New York City as a member of the firm of Hornblower, Miller, Garrison, and Potter. GARRISON, MABEL, (MRS. GEORGE SIEMONN), an American opera singer, born in Baltimore, Md. She graduated from the Western Mary- land College and studied music at the Peabody Conservatory of Music, in Bal- timore. She first attracted attention as a choir singer in that city. Her first appearance as an opera singer was made in "Mignon" at the Boston Opera House, in 1912. She was at once successful and in 1914 joined the Metropolitan Opera House. She appeared frequently in con- certs and also as a soloist with the lead- ing orchestras. GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD, an American reformer; born in Newbury- port, Mass., Dec. 12, 1805. He was ap- prenticed to a shoemaker, but eventually became a compositor on the Newbury- port "Herald." In 1827 he became editor of the "National Philanthropist," the first American temperance journal, and afterward on a journal in support of the election of John Quincy Adams, With Mr. Lundy, a Quaker, he then started the paper called the "Genius of Universal Emancipation" (1829), his denunciations of slave-traders leading to his imprison- ment for libel. On his release he com- menced lecturing in Boston, started the "Liberator" (1831). In 1832 appeared his "Thoughts on African Colonization," and in the same year he established the American Anti-Slavery Society, He sub- sequently visited England, where he was welcomed by Wilberforce, Brougham, Buxton, etc. In 1835 he was saved with diflficulty from a Boston mob; but his principles made steady progress till 1865, when the Anti-Slavery Society was dis- solved with its work accomplished. A volume of sonnets (1843) and one of selections (1852) bear his name. He died in New York City, May 24, 1879. GARROTE, or GARROTTE, a Span- ish instrument of execution. The victim, usually in a sitting posture, is fastened by an iron collar to an upright post, and a knob operated by a screw or lever dis- locates the spinal column, or a small blade severs the spinal cord at the base of the brain. GARRY, a river in Scotland, county of Perth, joining the Tummel after a course of 20 miles. It is celebrated for its picturesque scenery. GARSHIN, VSEVOLOD MICHAILO- VI CH (gar'shin), Russian novelist; born in Bachmut, Yekaterinoslav, Feb. 14, 1855. He took part in the Russo-Turkish war, and was wounded at Charkow. He soon after finished his great work, "Four Days." "A Very Little Story," "The Night," and several more novels, came from his pen during the next few years. He developed a tendency to melancholy (occasionally developing into insanity), traces of which are to be found in "At- talea Princeps" and "Night," and in the psychiatrical study of "The Red Flower." He died in St. Petersburg, April 5, 1888. GARTER SNAKE, in zoology, the snake genus Eutania. There are two species, E. sirtalis and E. ordinate, the latter in the Southern States, the other more widely diffused over the Union. Their bite is not venomous. ^ GARVIN, JAMES LOUIS, an Eng- lish editor. Ho was born in Ireland in 1868, and was brought at an early ag'e to England, where he was educated in Catholic elementary schools, in which later, in Liverpool and Hull, he was a pupil teacher. Removing to Newcastle, he became first a reporter and later a leader writer on the Newcastle "Chron- icle," from which in 1899 he went to join the political staff of the London "Daily