Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 04.djvu/384

GIOBERTI 320 GIPSIES mucilaginous, sweetish, also slightly bit- ter and aromatic. GIOBERTI, VINCENZO (jo-ber'te), an Italian writer; born in Turin, April 5, 1801; was ordained priest in 1825, and soon afterward was appointed court chaplain at Turin. He was banished in 1833 on account of his liberal tendencies, remaining a few years in France, and taught philosophy in a public school at Brussels. His first writings were philo- sophical, "The Theoi-y of the Supernatu- ral" (1837); the "Introduction of High Philosophical Research" (1840). In 1842, "Philosophical Errors of Antonio Rosmini"; and next the treatises, "The Beautiful" and "The Good," on the prin- ciples, respectively, of taste and morals. In 1843 appeared the most celebrated of his works, "Moral and Civil Principles of the Italians." In 1848 Gioberti was re- called to his native country amid popular acclamation, and later, on being elected deputy for Turin, took an active part in all the great political questions, and finally became prime minister of Sardina. In 1849 he returned into voluntary exile, and spent his last years in Paris in writ- ing his "The Civil Renovation of Italy." He died in Paris, Oct. 26, 1852. GIOLITTI, GIOVANNI, an Italian statesman. He was born at Mondovi, province of Cuneo, in 1843, and was edu- cated at Turin. He held a post in the Ministry of Finance for eight years, after which he was elected to the Cham- ber of Deputies. In 1889 he became Min- ister of the Treasury, and in 1890 Min- ister of Finance, becoming in 1892 Pres- ident of the Ministry, being compelled to resign in the following year as a result of his relations with a director of the Banca Romana, whom he had made sena- tor, and who had been guilty of issuing duplicate notes and corrupting govern- ment officials. In 1901 he was back in power again, becoming Minister of the Interior, in 1903 resigning and forming a ministry of his own. Resigning in 1905, he returned as head of the ministry in 1906, continuing till 1909, when he was followed by Sonnino, whom he suc- ceeded in 1911. He resigned again in 1914, and when the World War broke out was against the participation in it of Italy. As a result, though regarded as almost Italy's most capable statesman, he did not figure prominently in the affairs arising out of it. His conduct of affairs was always characterized by re- trenchment in expenditure. He brought in much legislation tending toward the amelioration of the condition of the working classes, and a large part of his influence has come from the support he found among them. GIORDANO, LUCA (j6r-da-no), an Italian painter; born in Naples about 1632; a scholar of Spagnoletto, studied the great Italian masters at Rome, and became the pupil of Peter of Cortona. He imitated the greatest masters so well that even connoisseurs were imposed upon. In 1679 he was employed by Charles II, to ornament the Escurial, and at the court of Spain he became a great favorite. After the death of Charles II. he returned to his native country. His most celebrated pieces are his frescoes, in the Escurial, at Madrid, Florence, and Rome. Some of his finest paintings are at Dresden. He died in Naples, Jan. 12, 1705. GIORGIONE, GIORGIO BARBAREL- LI (jor-jo'ne), an Italian painter; born in Constelfranco about 1477. Several of his oil paintings have been preserved, and are at once recognizable by the firm- ness of touch, vividness of coloring, and the striking tone of relief which they display. The Museum at Paris contains four of his works, viz.: "Salome Receiv- ing the Head of John the Baptist"; "Jesus Sitting on His Mother's Knees"; "The Rural Concert"; and "Gaston de Foix." His chef-d'cBuvre is a picture of "Christ Carrying His Cross," preserved at Venice. He died in Venice, in 1511. GIOTTO (jot'td), properly AMBRO- GIOTTO or ANGIOLOTTO BONDONE, an Italian painter; born in Vespignano, in 1266 ; and in his boyhood tended cattle. But having been seen by Cimabue, as he was drawing figures of his sheep upon a piece of slate, that artist can'ied him to Florence and taught him painting. Among his most celebrated pieces is the "Navicella" at Rome, a picture of Peter walking upon the waves, some fresco paintings at Florence, also the history of St. Francis, at Assisi, and several miniatures. He was equally successful as a statuary and architect. He died in Florence in 1336. GIPSIES, a nomad Eastern race, the members of which came to Europe by way of the Isthmus of Suez and Egypt. It is now proved that they are from India, and apparently from that part of it adjacent to the river Indus, with the languages of some tribes inhabiting the banks of which their tongue best agrees. A tribe near the mouth of the Indus is called Tchinganes, which is almost ex- actly the same as Tchingenes, by which name these wanderers are known in Tur- key and the Levant. They call them- selves Sind, the name of the country through which the Indus flows in the lower part of its course. They are be- lieved to have left their native country in dread of Timur Beg, better known as