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GISORS 323 GLACIAL PERIOD ficiency according to the standard of the examinations for the B. A. of Cambridge University. In 1919 there were 27 teachers and 170 students. GISORS (zhe-zor'), a town in the French department of Eure, on the Epte, 43 miles N. W. of Paris. Its double-aisled church, whose choir dates from the 13th century, has a splendid flamboyant portal; and the octagonal donjon of the ruined castle was built by Henry I. of England. Here Richard I. defeated the French in 1198; his watch- word, "Dieii et mmi Droit," has ever since been the motto of the royal arms of England. Pop. about 5,500. GISSING. GEORGE, an English nov- elist; born in Wakefield, in 1857. He has made a remarkable study of the London masses, from the ranks of skilled labor to the most noisome human refuse of the slums, the result being half re- pulsive and wholly powerful; particu- larly in "The Nether World," "New Grub Street," "Demos," and "Sleeping Fires." He died Dec. 28, 1903. GITSCHIN (gich'in), a town of Czecho-Slovakia, 60 miles N. E. of Prague. Gitschin was once the capi- tal of the duchy of Friedland, and here Wallenstein built a splendid palace in 1630. On June 29, 1866, the Austrians were severely defeated here by the Prus- sians. GIULIO ROMANO (j6'le-5 ro-ma'no), properly GiULlo PiPPi de' Giannuzzi, an Italian artist; born in Rome about 1492; assisted Raphael in the execution of several of his finest works, such as the series of the so-called Raphael's Bible in the loggie of the Vatican and the "Benefactors of the Church" in the In- cendio del Borgo, and at Raphael's death he completed the "Battle of Con- stantine" and the "Apparition of the Cross" in the Hall of Constantine in the Vatican. He built the Villa Madama, and adorned it with a fresco of Poly- phemus. In 1524 Giulio accepted the in- vitation of Federigo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, to carry out a series of archi- tectural and pictorial works, and re- stored the Palazzo del Te, the cathedral, the streets, and a ducal palace at Mar- mirolo, a few miles from Mantua. Among the pictorial works of this period were the "History of Troy," in the castle, and "Psyche," "Icarus," and the "Titans," in the palace. In Bologna he designed the fa?ade of the Church of St. Petronio. Perhaps the best of his oil pictures are the "Martyrdom of St. Stephen," at Genoa; "A Holy Family," at Dresden; "Mary and Jesus" and the "Madonna della Gatta." Giulio died in Mantua, Nov. 1, 1546. GIURGEVO (jor-ja'vo), a town of Rumania, on the Danube, opposite Rust- chuk, 40 miles S. S. W. of Bucharest, of which town it is the port. It imports iron and textile goods, coal, and spirits, and exports corn, salt, and petroleum. It was originally settled by the Genoese in the 14th century, who called it St. George. Since 1771 the town has played an important part in all the wars be- tween the Turks and the Russians. Pop. about 15,000. GIVENCHY, a village of France, S. of Armentieres, and midway be- tween Bethune and La Bassee, which was the scene of much fighting in the war. It was at first defended by an In- dian brigade, which was driven out at the beginning of the war by the Germans. It remained a contested point while the war lasted. GIVET Czhe-va'), a town and fortress in the French department of Ardennes, on both banks of the Meuse, 31 miles S. of Namur in Belgium, and 193 N. E. of Paris. The citadel of Charlemont, on a rock 700 feet above the stream, was re- constructed by Vauban. There are manufactures of lead pencils, and seal- ing-wax, copper-wares, soap, etc. In August, 1914, the British forces held the town for some time against the Germans, who occupied it in the last days of the month. Pop. about 7,700. GIVORS (zhe-vor'), a town in the French department of Rhone, on the river Rhone, 14 miles S. of Lyons. Glass, especially bottles, and silk and iron goods are extensively manufactured, and a considerable trade in coal is carried on. GIZZARD, a muscular division of the stomach in birds; it is an elongated sac in the body of birds just below the liver, and having two openings above, the one into the duodenum and the other into the proventriculus. The gizzard of the rap- torial bird is thin and feeble, while that of the graminivorous bird is strong, with thick and muscular walls, the whole lined with a thick horny epithelium. GLACIAL PERIOD, a period or epoch during which ice largely prevailed, the climate, in what are now temperate lati- tudes, being polar. It commenced dur- ing the Newer Pliocene, and terminated before the close of the Post-Pliocene age. Arctic conditions did not prevail unin- termittingly during all this time. Two distinct divisions of the glacial period or distinct glacial periods are traceable in the Alps, the earlier one the more severe