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GOBGAS 863 GOBILLA Normal School at Walthall, Miss., in 1890, received the degree of B. L. from Cumberland University in 1892, and vv^as admitted to the bar the same year. He removed to Texas in 1895 after active participation in local politics. After several years' connection with the People's party, he allied himself with the Democratic organization in 1899. He took an active part in the presidential campaigns of 1900 and 1904. Having removed to Oklahoma in 1901, he was a member of the Territorial Council 1902- 1905, and becamo Senator from Okla- homa in 1907. He was re-elected in 1909 and 1915, but was defeated in 1920. From 1912-1916 he was a member of the executive committee of the Democratic National Committee. GORGAS, WILLIAM CRAWFORD, an American physician; born at Mobile, Ala., Oct. 3, 1854. He graduated from the University of the South, in 1875, re- ceived the degree of M. D. from the Belle- vue Hospital Medical College in 1879, and served as interne at Bellevue Hospi- tal 1878-1880. Appointed a surgeon in the United States Army in 1880, he rose successively through the ranks of cap- tain, assistant surgeon, major brigade GENERAL WILLIAM C. GORGAS surgeon of volunteers, and became chief sanitary officer of Havana, Cuba, in 1898. He continued in charge of sanitary administration at Havana until 1902, and by his efficient methods of direction and control in the fight against the yellow fever he finally accomplished the prac- tical elimination of that disease from the port of Havana. Congi-ess, by special act. Mar. 9, 1903, made him colonel as- sistant surgeon-general in recognition of his successful campaign against the yellow fever plague. He was subse- quently honored by the University of Pennsylvania', and the University of the South, Harvard, and Brown University with honorary degrees in acknowledg- ment of the extraordinary merit of his achievements. In 1914 he was made surgeon-general, U. S. A., with rank of brigadier-general, and was advanced to major-general in 1915. He retired from the service in 1918, and became director of the division of yellow fever research of the Rockefeller Foundation, having previously become a permanent director of its International Health Board. As chief sanitary officer (1904) in connec- tion with the building operations of the Panama Canal (q. v.), he did his most distinguished public work, and brought to a successful sanitary issue the difficult task of cleaning up the fever-infested isthmian territory. His work made pos- sible the maintenance of the high record of industrial efficiency which was a large factor in contributing to the rapid com- pletion of the canal. In 1907 he became a member of the Isthmian Canal Com- mission. He was honored by some of the most exceptional national and foreign awards for scientific achievement, and was a member of many domestic and foreign scientific societies. He died in London, England, July 4, 1920, when about to depart on a mission to west Africa in behalf of the British Govern- ment to investigate sanitary conditions. GORGES, SIR FERDINAXDO, styled "the father of colonization in America"; born in Ashton, Somerset- shire, England, about 1565. He founded two Plymouth companies (1606-1620 and 1620-1635) for acquiring and planting lands in New England, and in 1639 re- ceived from the king a charter constitut- ing him proprietor of Maine. He ad- hered to the king in the civil war, and died in 1647. His son neglected the prov- ince, which finally placed itself under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, to which colony Sir Ferdinando's grandson sold his rights in 1677 for £1,250. GORILLA, a celebrated anthropoid ape, generally believed to come nearer than any known one to man, though some contend that the affinity of the Gibbon (q. V.) is closer. The number of teeth in the gorilla, and all the old world mon- keys, except the lemurs, is 32, the same as in man. The hand has the same bones as in man. The height is about 5 feet. The greatest capacity of the gorilla's brain is only 34^/2 cubic inches, the least