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HANNIBAL 465 HANOVEB (1861); "Three Hundred Years of a Norman House" (1866) ; and "Studies on Thackeray" (1869). He died in Bar- celona, Spain, Jan. 3, 1873. HANNIBAL, a city in Marion co., Mo., on the Mississippi river, here spanned by an iron railroad bridge, and on the Burlington, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the St. Louis and Hanni- bal railroads; 110 miles N. W. of St. Louis. It has steamship communications with all important river ports, and manu- factures lime, lumber, machinery, flour, planing mill products, foundry products and supplies, etc. The city has a public library, public high school, the St. Mary's Academy, Riverview^ Park School, electric lights, and street rail- ways, and daily and weekly newspapers. Pop. (1910) 18,341; (1920) 19,806. HANNIBAL, the great Carthaginian general; born in 247 B. c. He was the son of Hamilcar Barca and when nine years of age swore, by his father's command, eternal enmity to the Romans, as the condition of accompanying him to Spain. He learned the art of war under his father there, and was present at the battle in which he fell. Hannibal was then 18, and after serving six years under Hasdrubal, who was assassinated 221 B. C, he became commander-in-chief of the Carthaginian army. To complete the conquest of all Spain S. of the Ebro, he besieged the city of Saguntum, which held out for eight months. The city being in alliance with Rome, its fall was the occasion of the great war be- tween Rome and Carthage known as the Second Punic War. Hannibal at once prepared for the invasion of Italy, and in the spring of 218 B. c. he set out on his arduous march from the Ebro, through hostile countries, across great rivers and mountain chains, to the Po. His army, composed of Africans and Spaniards, was greatly reduced in num- bers by losses and withdrawals, but he crossed the Pyrenees, forced the passage of the Rhone before Scipio arrived to oppose it, and in October made the pas- sage of the Alps in 15 days. The first en- gagement took place near the Ticinus, and resulted in the defeat of the Ro- mans. The battle of the Trebia resulted in another Roman defeat. Hannibal was joined by the Gaulish tribes, and took up his winter quarters among them. In the spring of 217 he defeated the consul Flaminius on the shores of Lake Thrasi- menus, and destroyed the Roman army. Hannibal advanced S. and passed the Apennines into Apulia, harassed, how- ever, by the new policy of the cautious Fabius, who avoided fighting. In the spring of 216 Hannibal won the great victory of Cannae, and again destroyed the Roman army. After this victory almost all south Italy declared for him, and he went into winter quarters at Capua. From that time the war changed its character, and it is not possible here to give even a summary of its progress. The conquest and loss of Tarentum, the loss of Capua, the defeat and death of Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metau- rus in 207, still left Hannibal strong enough to hold his ground in the S. ex- tremity of Italy for four years longer; but in 203 the scene of war was changed to Africa, and in the following year Scipio finally defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama, and peace was concluded. The great Carthaginian did not lose hope, but began preparations for a fresh war. His enemies, however, accused him at Rome, and he fled to the court of Antiochus, King of Syria, who was just entering on a war with the Romans, After three years, the war ending with the defeat of Antiochus, Hannibal, to avoid being given up to Rome, took refuge with Prusias, King of Bithnyia, 190 B. C. And finally, when his surrender was demanded in 183, he put an end to his life by poison. HANNO, a king or magistrate of Carthage who undertook a celebrated voyage of discovery along the W. coast of Africa between 570 B. c. and 470 B. C. His expedition is said to have consisted of 60 ships; he founded numerous colo- nies or trading-stations, and proceeded as far S. as a point that has been variously identified with places between Cape Nun and the Bight of Benin. On his return to Carthage he inscribed an account of his voyage on a tablet, and placed it in the temple of Moloch. It seems to have been written in the Punic language; the version of it which re- mains, entitled the "Periplus of Hanno," is only a Greek translation. HANOVER, formerly a kingdom in the N. W. of Germany, now a province of Prussia; area 14.870 square miles; pop. about 3,000,000. It is of very irregular shape, and is divided by inter- vening territories into three distinct por- tions, besides some small territories to the S., and a range of sandy islands lining the coast. It is divided into six districts — Hanover, Hildesheim, Liine- burg, Stade, Osnabriick, Aurich. The surface in the S. is covered by the Hartz Mountains, but the rest of the country is a low, monotonous flat, with a gentle slope to the North Sea. The Ems, the Weser (with its tributaries, the Leine and Aller), and the Elbe flow through fertile districts industriously cultivated for corn and flax. Near the coast the