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HARDY 470 HARFLEUR granted a pension of $25,000 by the East India Company as well as one of $15,000 for three lives by Parliament. Four years after his return to England he succeeded (1852) Wellington as com- mander-in-chief of the British army. In 1855 he was made field-marshal. In July of the following year he resigned the office of commander-in-chief, and died in South Park, near Tunbridge, England, Sept. 24, 1856. HARDY, ARTHUR SHERBURNE, an American novelist; born in Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1847. He was graduated from the United States Military Aca- demy and commanded a military post in the South for two years. His poetry consists mainly of lyrics and sonnets, while his novels are full of interest and charm. He was a skilled musician. In 1897 he was appointed minister to Persia. "But Yet a Woman" and "The Wind of Destiny" and "Passe Rose" I'ep- resent his earlier style. His later nov- els include: "His Daughter First" (1903); "Aurelie" (1912); "Diane and Her Friends" (1914); "No. 13 Rue du Bon Diable" (1917). His poems were published in numerous magazines, and some of his mathematical studies took shape in a volume on "Quaternions." "Songs of Two" appeared in 1900. HARDY, THOMAS, an English novelist; born in Dorset, England, June 2, 1840. He was brought up as an archi- tect, and practiced some time at Dor- chester, next prosecuted his studies in design at London, gaining professional distinction. His intention was now to become an art critic, but the experiment of a not wholly unsuccessful work of fiction, "Desperate Remedies" (1871), shaped his destiny otherwise. His next novels, "Under the Greenwood Tree" (1872) and "A Pair of Blue Eyes" (1873), prepared the way for his first great work, "Far from the Madding Crowd," published in the "Cornhill Magazine" in 1874. Its immediate suc- cess secured its author an audience for a series of novels : "The Hand of Ethel- berta" (1876); "The Return of the Na- tive" (1878) ; "The Trumpet-major" (1880); "A Laodicean" (1881); "Two on a Tower" (1882) ; "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886) ; "The Wood- landers" (1887) ; "Tess of the D'Urber- villes" (1891) ; and "Jude the Obscure" (1895); "Wessex Tales" (1888); "A Group of Noble Dames" (1891); "Life's Little Ironies" (1894) ; "The Three Way- farers" (1893) ; "Wessex Poems" (1898); "Times' Laughing Stock" (1910); "Satires of Circumstance" (1915) ; "The Dynasts," etc. HARE, in zoology, various species of Lepus, specially L. tiTnidus. It does not make a burrow like the rabbit, but lurks in a seat or form, which it varies ac- cording to the season, and in severe weather betakes itself to the woods. It is, properly speaking, a nocturnal animal and is very prolific. Modem science places it among the rodents, vdth which its anatomical construction entirely agrees. In astronomy Lepus, one of the 15 ancient S. constellations. HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTH- BERT, an English descriptive writer; born in Rome, Italy, March 13, 1834. He was a graduate of Oxford. The son of a rich father, he was enabled from his earliest youth to gratify a taste for travel, on descriptions of which his fame chiefly rests. Among his happiest ef- forts are: "A Winter at Mentone" (1861); "Walks in Rome" (1870); "Wanderings in Spain" (1872) ; "Walks in London" (1877) ; "Days Near Paris" (1887) ; and a narrative of travel in southern France. A volume of personal recollections (1895) has been widely read. Died 1903. HARE, SIR JOHN, an English actor; born in London, England, May 16, 1844. Traveled largely in the United States at the head of his own company, and was celebrated in comedy, emotional and quaint character roles. He appeared in "The Profligate"; "The Gay Lord Quex," "Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith"; "Pair of Spectacles"; and other important plays. He was knighted in 1907. HAREM (hii-rem') (Arabic, the pro- hibited), a word used by Mussulmans to signify the women's apartments in a household establishment, forbidden to every man except the husband and near relations. The women of the harem may consist simply of a wife and her attend- ants, or there may be several wives and an indefinite number of concubines or female slaves, with black eunuchs, etc. The gi'eatest harem is that of the Sultan of Turkey. The women of the imperial harem are generally Circassians or Georgians. The women of other Turks enjoy the society of their friends at the baths or in each other's houses, and ap- pear in public accompanied by slaves and eunuchs; but the women of the sultan's harem have none of these privileges. Only a comparatively few wealthy Turks now maintain harems. They have gen- erally but one wife. HARFLEUR (ar-fler') (called in the Middle Ages Hareflot), a town of France, department of Seine-Inf erieure ; on the estuary of the Seine ; 4 miles E. of Havre. Formerly Harfleur was an