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EUGENIE 69 EUPEN vantageous to the social environment, or with such diseases as syphilis, is a measure the advantage of which cannot be disputed. One great difficulty is to as- certain in what direction other than health we should seek to improve the race. The stratification of society is based not upon the biological qualities of the germ plasm, but upon environmental conditions. Alarm has been felt that in number of offspring the cultivated and upper classes were at a great disadvan- tage as compared with the lower. Cattell has shown that a Harvard graduate has three-fourths of a son, and a Vassar graduate one-half of a daughter. Such a declining birth rate is due to late marriage and voluntary restriction of offspring dictated by motives of love of luxury, and fear, and these qualities are not of advantage to a race. It is not probable that in bodily strength and mental ability we are superior to prim- itive man and it has never been shown that an upper class in society is better biological material than a lower. Above all in Eugenics there is need of more ex- tended and certainly more exact knowl- edge of heredity in man before any gen- eral measures looking toward the im- provement of the race can be undertaken with expectation of success. EUGENIE (e-zha-ne') (maiden name, Marie de Guzman), ex-empress of the French; bom in Granada, Spain, in EMPRESS EUGENIE J826. Her father, the Count de Montijo, was of a noble Spanish family; her mother was of Scotch extraction, maiden name Kirkpatrick. On Jan. 29, 1853, she became the wife of Napoleon III. and Empress of the French. On March 16, 1856, a son was born of the marriage. When the war broke out with Germany she was appointed regent (July 27. 1870) during the absence of the em- peror, but on Sept. 4 the revolution forced her to flee from France. She went to England, where she was joined by the prince imperial and afterward by the emperor. Camden House, Chislehurst, became the residence of the imperial exiles. On Jan. 9, 1873, the emperor died, and six years later the prince im- perial was slain while with the English army in the Zulu war. In 1881 the empress transferred her residence to Farnborough in Hampshire. She died in 1920. EUGENIUS, the name of four Popes. EUGENius I., elected Sept. 8, 654, while his predecessor, Martin I., was still liv- ing; died in 657 without having exerted any material influence on his times. EuGENius II. held the see from 824-827. EUGENIUS III., born in Pisa, was a dis- ciple of St. Bernard of Clairvaux. He was raised to the papacy at Farfa, in 1145, having been obliged to quit Rome in consequence of the commotions caused by Arnold of Brescia; through negotia- tions by Frederick Barbarossa, he was enabled to return in 1152, and died in 1153. EuGENlus IV., from Venice, orig- inally called Gabriel Condolmero, was raised to the papacy in 1431. In con- sequence of his opposition to the council of Basel he was deposed. He died in 1447. EULENSPIEGEL (oi'len-spe-gl) , TILL, a name which has become associ- ated in Germany with all sorts of wild, whimsical frolics, and with many amus- ing stories. Some such popular hei-o of tradition and folklore seems to have really existed in Germany, probably in the first half of the 14th century, and a collection of popular tales of a frol- icsome character, originally written in Low German, purpoi'ts to contain his adventures. The earliest edition of such is a Strassburg one of the year 1515 in the British Museum. Better known, however, is that of 1519, published also at Strassburg by Thomas Miirner. EUPATORIA, a city in the former Russian province of Taurida, on the W. coast of the Crimea, on an inlet of the Black Sea forming a good harbor. It has been one of the bases of operation of the Anti-Bolshevik armies, first under General Denikine, and later, in 1920, under General Wrangel. Pop. about 30,000. EUPEN, formerly a city of Prussia, ten miles from Aix-la-Chapelle, and two miles from the Belgian frontier, in the