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LODZ 505 LOGIC LODZ, a town of Poland, in the gov- iernment of Piotrkow, 75 miles S. W. of Warsaw. Second city of Poland in size and is center of cotton and woolen manu- facture. Its industrial development has been rapid, largely owing to its popula- tion of Germans and Jews. During the German campaign in Poland in 1914 there were heavy combats round the city and the Germans entered it on October 8. After retreating they advanced again and Lodz was again evacuated by the Russians on December 6, its position at the extremity of a salient in the Rus- sian line having made further sacrifices for its defense strategically unsound. It remained in Grerman hands to the end of the war. Pop. 1912, 450,004. LOFODEN, or LOFOTEN, a chain of islands on the N. W. coast of Norway, stretching S. W. and N. E. for 150 miles. They include the Lof oden proper and the Vesteraalen, lying further N. The larg- est islands are Hind, And, and Lang in the Vesteraalen group, and East Vaag, West Vaag, Flakstad, and Moskenas in the Lofoden proper. Total area, 2,247 square miles. All of them are rugged and mountainous. The highest point is 3,090 feet above sea-level. The waters on the E. side of these islands are visited in January to March every year by vast shoals of codfish, which attract a large fleet of fishermen. The average num- ber of boats is 5,000 to 6,000, manned by 28,000 to 30,000 men. Besides fishing, sheep-farming is also carried on. The permanent population is about 40,000. LOGAN, a city of Ohio, the county- seat of Hocking co. It is on the Hock- ing river, and on the Hocking Valley railroad. It is the center of an im- portant natural gas and oil region. Its industries include foundries and machine shops, flour mills, furniture factories, shoe factories, brick works, etc. It has a public library, a hospital, and other public buildings. Pog. (1910) 4,850; (1920) 5,493. LOGAN, a city of Utah, the county- seat of Cache co. It is near the Logan river, and on the Oregon Short Line railroad. Its industries include saw mills, beet sugar factories, condensed- milk factories, knitting and flour mills. It is the seat of the State Agricultural College, Brigham Young College, and New Jersey Academy. It has a Federal building, a court house, and other pub- lic buildings. Pop. (1910) 7,522; (1920) 9,439. LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER, an American soldier and statesman; born in Jackson co., 111., Feb. 9, 1826. The Mexican War broke out when Logan was 20, and he at omce enlisted and was made a lieutenant. After the war he studied and was admitted to the bar in 1851, the same year he was elected to represent Jackson and Franklin counties in the Leg:islature, and from that time was al- most uninterruptedly in the public ser- ice, either civil or military. He wa twice re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1856 was a Democratic presidential elector. He enlisted on the outbre&k ol the Civil War, and rose to the rank of major-genei-al, being distinguished throughout the struggle for valor and patriotism; elected United States Senav. tor from _ Illinois 1871-1877-1883-1889; was nominated for the vice-presidency on the ticket headed by James G. Blaine, 1884, but was defeated. He died in Washington, D. C, Dec. 26, 1886. LOGAN, MOUNT, a peak in the Alaskan Alps, said to be the second highest point in North America. Its altitude is 19,500 feet. LOGANSPORT. a city and county- seat of Cass CO., Ind. ; at the confluence of the Wabash and Eel rivers; and on the Wabash, the Vandalia, and several other railroads; 100 miles S. E. of Chi- cago. It is the farming trade center for a region having a population of 100,000; it manufactures flour, paper, pumps, galvanized iron, linseed oil, carriages, and agi'icultural implements. It is the seat of the Northern Indiana Hospital for the Insane. Logansport has a large trade by rail in lumber, pork, and agri- cultural products. There are electric light and street railroad plants; an im- proved water system; several banks; daily, weeklv and monthly periodicals. Pop. (1910) 19,050; (1920) 21,626. LOGGING-STONE. See ROCKING- STONES. LOGIC, as known in the present day, is a development and modification of the technc dialektike = art of reasoning, which Aristotle, utilizing the labors of his predecessors, and notably those of Zeno of Elea, molded into something like consistent shape. The first development of Aristotelian logic was by the Scho- lastics. At the time of the Reformation, probably as a protest. Scholasticism was depreciated, and at some of the Scotch universities it was discarded for Ramism. The subtle distinctions and keen disputa- tions of the Schoolmen led in the next century to Bacon's condemnation of the perversion — not of the cultivation — of logical pursuits. Locke was not so mod- erate, as may be seen in his "Essay."