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HOUGH 65 HOUSE Moliere, Franklin, Buffon, Catherine II., etc. He became, in 1778, member and professor of the Academy of Fine Arts. He was invited to the United States and carved the statue of Washington, now at the Virginia State capitol in Richmond, which is considered the most authentic likeness of "the father of his country." Houdon died in Paris, July 15, 1828. HOUGH, EMERSON, an American writer; born in Newton, Iowa, in 1857. He graduated from the State University of Iowa in 1880 and spent several years in travel and exploration in the West. Largely through his efforts an act of Congress protecting the buffalo in Yel- lowstone Park was passed. He wrote many novels and descriptive articles on western subjects. These include "The Story of the Cowboy" (1897) ; "The Girl at the Half-way House" (1900); "The Mississippi Bubble" (1902); "The Story of the Outlaw" (1906) ; "The Way Out" (1918). He also contributed many stories and sketches to magazines. HOUGHTON, RICHARD MONCK- TON MILNES, LORD, an English states- man; born in Fryston Hall, Yorkshire, June 19, 1809. A Conservative in Par- liament, he joined the Liberals under Loi'd John Russell, and in 1863 was raised to the peerage. His best poetry appears in: "Memorials of a Tour in Greece"; "Memorials of a Residence on the Continent, and Historical Poems"; Poems of Many Years"; "Palm Leaves." His prose works include : "Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats"; "Monographs, Personal and Political." He died in Vichy, France, Aug. 11, 1885. HOULTON, a town in Maine, the county-seat of Aroostook co. It is on the Bangor and Aroostook and the Canadian Pacific railroads. It is the center of an important farming region and its industries include foundry and machine shops, lumber mills, woolen mills, starch factories, etc. There is a public library, hospitals, parks, a high school, and the Ricker Classical Institute. Pop. (1910) 5,845; (1920) 6,191. HOUND, a name applied to dogs used in hunting. The true hound, such as the bloodhound, the foxhound, and the stag- hound, hunt only by scent. In this division may also be included the basset- hound (a short-legged dog used in un- earthing foxes and badgers), the beagle, and the harrier. The greyhound and the deerhound run by sight alone, and are not hounds in the correct acceptance of the term. HOUR, the 24th part of a natural day; the space of 60 minutes. The early Egyptians divided the day and night each into 12 hours, a custom adopted by Jews or Greeks probably from the Baby- lonians. The day is said to have been first divided into hours from 293 B. C, when L. Papirius Cursor erected a sun dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome. HOUR ANGLE, in astronomy, the an- gle formed at the pole at the instant of observation between the meridian of the plane and the hour circle or circle of declination, passing through the heavenly body. It is measured by the arc of the equator which has passed or will pass under the meridian of the observer be- tween the instant of observation and the moment when the heavenly body is on the same meridian. Called also the horary angle. HOUR CIRCLE, in astronomy, one of the great circles passing through the poles of the sphere, and necessarily per- pendicular to the equator. So called, be- cause to note when the sun reaches each of these circles is a method of ascer- taining the hour of the day. Hour circles are called also circles of declina- tion. Also a small brass circle fixed to the north pole of a terrestrial globe, divided into 24 hours, and furnished with an index for pointing them out. HOUR GLASS, a glass having two bulbs and a connecting opening through which the sand in one bulb runs into the other. The amount of sand and size of the opening are such that a given amount of time is consumed in the passage. HOUSATONIC RIVER (hoz-a-ton'ik), a river which rises in Massachusetts, flows through Connecticut, and enters Long Island Sound near Bridgeport. In its course of nearly 150 miles it affords water-power to many manfacturing cities and towns. HOUSE, a civilized dwelling. In point of law, the common expression, "a man's house is his castle," is in most instances true. Except where there has been a criminal offense, a man, in England and in the United States, can hold his house against all comers. In the United States a court can give a messenger permission to force a door, and arrest or distrain as may be wished. In astrology the word "house" denotes the station of a planet in the heavens; a 12th part of the heavens as divided by great circles drawn through the north and south poles of the horizon, in the same way as meridians pass through the earth's poles. The heaven^ visible •*,_ and invisible, were thus diaded into 12