Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 07.djvu/107

PACKARD 75 PACKING INDUSTRY PACKARD, ALPHEUS SPRING, an years the packing industry has come to American naturalist; born in Bruns- be one of the most important industries wick, Me., Feb. 19, 1839; graduated at in many American cities, especially in Bowdoin 1861; for a time assistant to the middle West. The history of the Agassiz at Cambridge. State Entomol- industry begins in New England in the ogist of Massachusetts in 1871-1873. 17th century, when quantities of pork In 1878 Professor of Zoology and Geol- and beef were packed in barrels for ogy at Brown University. He is best foreign trade. The first packing house known as an entomologist; his classifica- in the West was established in Cincin- tion of insects, 1863, has been generally nati in 1818, and that city remained the accepted. As an evolutionist. Professor center of the packing trade for nearly Packard was one of the leaders of the fifty years, when Chicago surpassed it. Neo-Lamarckian school. His writings The tremendous and rapid growth of include "Structure of the Ovipositor of the meat packing business is due to the Insects" (1868); "Development and An- invention of the refrigerator car in 1868 atomy of Limulus Polyphemus (1871- by William Davis of Detroit. Before 1885) ; "The Cave Fauna of North that time meat had to be killed near America" (1888) ; "The Labrador the point of consumption, and the pack- Coast" (1891); "Text-book of Entomol- ing industry was largely confined to the ogy" (1898); "Lamark" (1891); mono- production of barreled beef, and the graphs on geometrid moths, a locust's curing of pork products in winter. Even brain, piiyllopod Crustacea, etc. He the canning of meats is a fairly recent died in 1905. development. In the slaughtering of PACKARD, FRANK LUCIUS, an animals a great many labor saving de- American writerf born in Montreal, 3^?J? ;^f ^'Z?! *^"?" Vl"^^^ ^ ^"^^ Canada, in 1877.' He graduated from ft^j, ^aids and nacSne house's of McGill University in 1897, and took post- cSca J and the othe? laree citks The graduate courses in Europe, For sev- ^^^s' a?e first stunned'^ by a '^^ tZ /.^f fn %nrhPol^^'.n.S,-h,^S'T; blow on the head, then killed and bled, mfgazines He walhe author of ^'oS ^^*^^ ^^^^^ they are passed through I^t^T^^^ ;f ptc, rL;5» /iQii^? "T^^ scalding vats and through an automatic M,wTM.3^nS?' 'T?. U r^^^ scraper which removes the hair and Miracle Man," (1914) "The Beloved u^;„tip^ Ac; snnn »<;; tViP f^flrpa<5«;p<=! bavp S? W1q41^' '7^' ^;"-J^.' '"""^ be n d'esstd'and ^LrougMy 'fnspeS, ^Sies^ to mka-a^fne ' "" '^^ey are chilled by refrigeration, which stories to magazines. -^ ^^^ ^^gjg ^^ ^^U successful meat PACKER COLLEGIATE INSTI- curing. The meat is shipped to Eastern TUTE. A girls' school in Brooklyn, N. markets in refrigerated cars owned by Y., built in 1853 to succeed the Brooklyn the packing companies, and placed in Female Academy, the buildings of which cold storage warehouses to be sold to were destroyed by fire in the preceding local dealers, or transferred to iced year. Mrs. Harriet L. Packer endowed rooms in the ocean liners to be delivered the new institution with $65,000. The in Liverpool or Glasgow, courses now given provide primary, Originally little or no use was made secondary, high school, and collegiate in- of the so-called waste products of ani- struction. The enrollment in all depart- mals, but the packers have shown great ments in the year 1914-1915 was 641. ingenuity in their use of the by-prod- The total value of the buildings and ucts. In addition to the sale of the car- equipment of the institute Is approxi- casses of cattle, sheep and hogs, the mately $600,000. The library is an un- packing industry now includes the mak- usually large one for schools of this ing of glue from the hoofs, horns and type, having 11,000 volumes. bones, leather from the hides, brushes T> A rc-ir-ni-k-KT/-. i-n-' n £ m from the hog bristles, fertilizer from the rpv w£?o °.^i^' ^ ^^'"^'^ ^^^% °^ ^ ^" meat scrapsf soaps, tallow from the fats, If^r^tl ^^^^ .consisting of copper, -^ f^^^' the stomach, and lard, one S ^i^^ l""^ T"- " ^^^ formerly P^^ ^ valuable and profitable by- SfJlf ^ ^^^!^'%']^^^^T^*^^ '^^ products. Two grades of lard are strument makers and others,, for a van- P^ ^ lard? and the more refined frP SL? P^rSSo? ^^'""^ ""'"^'^ ^ °^' leaf lard. In dressing hogs, nearly 20 are now employed. p^^ ^^^^ .^ ^^^^^^ ^^ jg ^g^d f^^. gj^e or i PACKING INDUSTRY. The pack- fertilizer. The most profitable part of ing industry involves the purchase of the industry is the making of sausages, live stock, the conversion of live stock The meat used for this purpose is for into saleable products, and the distribu- the most part trimmings. The meat is tion of those products. In the last fifty chopped, mixed with potato flour and