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PAINE 82 PAINTING a Monkey" (1897); "The Commuters" (1904) ; "Thomas Nast — His Period and His Pictures" (1904). PAINE, JOHN KNOWLES, an Amer- ican organist and composer; born in Portland, Me., Jan. 9, 1839; was Profes- sor of Music from 1874 at Harvard Col- lege. His compositions are chiefly piano pieces, with a mass in D, an oratorio, "St. Peter," the "(Edipus Tyrannus" (incidental music for Sophocles' trag- edy), the opera "Azara," Columbus march and hymn for the World's Columbian Exposition (1892), etc. He died April 25, 1906. PAINE, RALPH DELAHAYE, an American writer, born at Lemont, 111., in 1871. Graduated from Yale in 1894 and at once engaged in newspaper work, acting as correspondent during the Span- ish-American War and in China during the Boxer uprising. He wrote many books, chiefly for boys, and was a con- tributor to periodicals and magazines. PAINE, ROBERT TREAT, an Amer- ican jurist, signer of the Declaration of Independence; born in Boston, Mass., Mai-ch 11, 1731; was a delegate to pro- vincial and continental congresses, and held offices of attorney-general of Mas- sachusetts and judge of Supreme Court; was an able judge. He died in Boston, May 11, 1814. PAINE, THOMAS, an American po- litical writer; born in England, in 1737. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he, in 1774, emigrated to the United States; became editor of the "Pennsyl- vania Magazine," and gave an impulse to the Revolution by his famous pam- phlet called "Common Sense," in which he advocated the policy of separation and independence. He went to Paris in 1789, and published, in 1791, his "Rights of Man," in reply to Burke's speech on the French Revolution. In September, 1792, he was elected a member of the French National Convention, acted with the Girondists, narrowly escaped death in the Reign of Terror, and brought out, in 1795, his celebrated deistical work entitled, "The Age of Reason." He re- turned to the United States in 1802, and died in New York, June 8, 1809. PAINLEVE, PAUL, French states- man^ born in Paris, 1863; educated in the Ecole Normale Superieure, where he especially distinguished himself in math- ematics. After graduating, in 1886, he was sent by the Government on a con- fidential mission to Germany. On his return, the following year, he taught mechanics in the University of Lille, xj-^here he remained until 1892. During the latter part of this period, and later, he lectured at the Sorbonne, a distinc- tion accorded only to men of the highest degree of learning. In 1895 .he began teaching mathematics at the Ecole Nor- male, and in 1903 he became Professor of mathematics at the University of Paris. In 1900 he was elected a member THOMAS PAINE of the Institute. In 1915 he was ap- pointed Minister of Public Instruction and Inventions Connected with National Defense, and in 1917 he assumed the post of War Minister. PAINTERS' COLIC, a disease which derives its name from the fact that painters are more frequently attacked by it than persons of other occupations, though habitual cider drinkers, and peo- ple of various callings, are sometimes liable to its attack. The cause in all cases is the presence of lead^ in the sys- tem. This very serious disease com- mands the prompt attendance of a phy- sician. Iodine of potassium is said to be an effective remedy for lead and mer- curial poisoning. PAINTING, an art which, by means of light, shade, and color, represents on a plane surface all objects presented to the eye or to the imagination. It was practiced by the Egyptians several thou* sand years b«fore the Christian era.