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PANDORA 102 PANGOLIN language, and in the sciences, laws, and religion of the Hindus. PANDORA, the first mortal female, according to Hesiod. She was made by Vulcan out of clay, at the command^ of Jupiter, who wished to punish the im- piety of Prometheus by giving him a companion. When the statue was ani- mated, each god and goddess bestowed on her some special charm or attribute, beauty, grace, music, wisdom, fascina- tion, and eloquence; while Jove himself presented her with the "Pandora's box," full of secret wonders, which could be only opened by the mortal she selected for her husband. Mercury carried her to earth, and presented her to Prome- theus, who refused her. His brother, however, asked for and obtained Pandora for his wife, upon which she presented him with the casket. When Pandora opened the lid, a host of evils flew out and spread themselves over the world; and the consequences would have been still more fatal, had there not been Hope at the bottom, to ameliorate the pains and sufferings of life. In zoology, a genus of bivalve mollusks, having unequivalved shells, and found at a considerable depth in the sandy shores of Europe and of the Pacific Ocean. In astronomy, an asteroid, discovered by G. Searle in 1858. In music, a kind of lute, furnished with strings of brass. PANDOURS, a people of Serbian ori- gin who lived scattered among the moun- tains of Hungary, near the village of Pandour, in the county of Sohl. The name used to be applied to that portion of the light armed infantry in the Aus- trian service raised in the Slavonian dis- tricts on the Turkish frontier. They originally fought after the fashion of the "free-lances," and were a terror to the enemy. PANGBORN, GEORGIA WOOD, an American writer; born in Malone, N. Y., in 1872. Graduated from Packard In- stitute in 1894, and in the same year married H. L. Pangborn. She wrote "Roman Biznet" (1902) ; "Interventions" (1911). She was a frequent contributor to magazines. PAN-GERMANISM, a movement among German nationalists and im- perialists, embodying the idea that all German-speaking peoples should be united into one dominating empire. For long only an ideal, it finally found con- crete expression in the formation of the Universal German League in 1891, which in 1894 changed its name to the Pan- German League. In the propaganda of the more enthusiastic leaders of this organization was expressed the idea which gradually prepared the German people to support the military plans of the Imperial Government when, in 1914, it precipitated its great war of world conquest. In 1903 the League formu- lated its program into the following main points : (1) Intensification of patriotic educa- tion, and bitter opposition to all the ideas of "world brotherhood," advocated by the Socialists; (2) To Germanize more thoroughly the public school system, by removing all sources of instruction detrimental to the Pan-German idea; (3) To support all German minorities in other European countries, to keep alive their race consciousness and to give them all possible ai-d in fighting for polit- ical power that eventually all these units might unite and make a German-ruled Europe; (4) To foster German influence and culture in over-seas colonies. In 1902 the League had enrolled 22,000 members, by which time it was carrying on a tremendous propaganda. During the war it was generally taken for granted that the Pan-German League worked closely hand in hand with the Imperial Government, but it is doubtful whether the connection was any closer than between any ultra-patriotic society and the government of any country dur- ing war time. That military conquest was the idea of a majority, or even of any large minority, of the League mem- bers, is doubtful. A peaceful penetra- tion of the civilized world by German "culture" was the openly expressed de- sire of the majority. The Pan-German League still wields some influence, even under the Republic. It is naturally strongly anti-Socialistic. PANGOLIN, in zoology, scaly ant- eater; the popular name for any indi- PANGOLIN" vidual of the genus Manis. They range in size from one foot to three feet in length, exclusive of the tail, which, in some species, is twice as long as the