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PANTHER 104 PAPAW Augustus over Antony and Cleopatra. The Pantheon is now commonly called the Rotunda, from its circular form. It was given to Boniface IV. by the Em- peror Phocas, A. D. 609, and dedicated as a Christian church to the Virgin and holy martyrs, and in 830 Gregory IV. dedicated it to all the saints. It is the finest specimen of a circular building not surrounded by columns. The external diameter is 188 feet, and the height, ex- clusive of the flat dome surmounting the upper cornice, 102 feet, the dome being 36 feet high. The porch is octastyle, and is 103 feet wide. There is an ex- cellent cast of the Pantheon in the Metro- politan Museum of Art, New York City. Also all the deities collectively worshiped by a nation; the divinities of a nation; and a treatise or discourse upon the col- lective body of deities of a nation. PANTHER, one of the Felidx or cat tribe, of a yellow color, diversified with roundish black spots, a native of Asia and Africa. The name panther (in vul- gar language painter) is given to the puma in America. PANTOGBAPH, or PANTAGRAPH, an instrument used in copying plans, maps, and other drawings, so that the copy may be either similar to, or larger, or smaller than the original. The pan- tograph is principally useful to the draughtsman in enabling him to mark off the principal points in a reduced copy, through which the lines may afterward be drawn by the usual methods of con- struction. PANTOMIME, a theatrical represen- tation, in which the entire plot is exhib- ited by gesticulations and scenic agency, without speeches or conversation. The ancient pantomime were persons who could mimic all sorts of actions and char- acters, and were first introduced on the Greek stage to imitate, by actions of feature, hands, and body, the substance or plot of what the chorus was sing- ing; subsequently, they were employed as a sort of interlude to divert the audi- ence after the chorus and actors had left the stage. PAOLA, ST. FRANCIS OF. See Francesco di Paula. PAOLI, PASQUALE, a Corsican pa- triot, born in 1725. In 1755, being in- vited by the Corsicans to become their captain-general, he put himself at the head of his countrymen, and, during 12 years, waged a fierce war with the Gen- oese, who were in the end driven from almost every fort in the island. Genoa, however, gave up the island to France in 1765 ; and soon afterward a large force was landed, under the command of Count Marboeuf, against whom Paoli and his followers fought desperately. But the Corsicans being totally routed at Pont^ enuovo, the island submitted. Paoli went to England, where he remained till 1789, in which year, Mirabeau hav- ing moved in the National Assembly the recall of all Corsican patriots, Paoli re- paired to Paris, and was created by Louis XVI. military commandant in Cor- sica. At the outbreak of the Revolution, he conceived a scheme for making Cor- sica an independent republic. He had been on the best terms with the Bona- parte family, but they now joined the Jacobin party, while he allied himself with Great Britain, favored the landing of 2,000 British troops in the island in 1794, and joined them in driving out the French. He then surrendered the island to George III., but becoming dissatisfied with the government, left the island in 1796, and went to London, where he died in 1807. PAPA, a town of Hungary in the county of Vesprem, on the Tapolcza river. It is about 60 miles S. E. of Presburg. It has several extensive pal- aces and a Protestant gymnasium. Be- fore the World War the town was of considerable importance as a manufac- turing center, its chief industry being the manufacture of pottery, tobacco and tex- tiles. Pop. about 22,000. PAPAL STATES. See CHURCH, States of the. PAP AVERAGES, poppyworts; an order of hypogynous exogens, alliance Ranales. Herbaceous herbs or shrubs, often with milky juice. Poppyworts are narcotic, emetic, purgative, or acridly poisonous. Two thirds of the species are found in Europe, the others in Asia, Africa, Australia, and tropical America. PAPAW (Carica papaya), a small South American tree of the natural or- der Passifloracese (formerly made the type of a small family, Papayacese) , which has now been introduced into many tropical and subtropical countries. The fruit is eaten either raw or boiled. The juice of the fruit and the sap of the tree render tough meat tender, even the exhalations from the tree have this prop- erty, and joints of meat, fowls, etc., are hung among its branches to prepare them for the table. The Chamburu of Brazil is remarkable for the extremely acrid and poisonous character of its juice, and the disgusting stercoraceous odor of its flowers. In the United States the name papaw is given a small tree