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PARDO BAZAN 113 PARESIS moving the wool, the skin is steeped in lime and stretched in a wooden frame, and its face is scraped with a half-round knife. The skin, previously sprinkled with powdered chalk or slacked lime, is then rubbed and scraped with a knife, and it is then rubbed with a lambskin having the wool on to smooth the sur- face and raise a very fine nap. The grain surface is then removed with a knife and the skin pumiced, if necessary, to give it an equal thickness. Extra fine, thin parchments are made from the skins of still-born lambs, kids, and calves. Coarse parchment for drumheads, etc., is made from calves', asses', and he- goats' skins. PARDO BAZAN, EMILIA, COUNT- ESS OF. Spanish novelist. She was born at La Corufia, Galicia, in 1851, and after marrying Jose Quiroga, lived in Madrid, later journeying in several Eu- ropean countries. She edited a journal in Madrid, *'Nuevo Teatro Critico," and wrote essays voluminously. Her books made her a considerable figure early and she was eventually made a countess and given a responsible position in Public In- struction. Her works include : "Pascuel Lopez"; "Un Viaje de Novios"; "Los Pazos de Ulloa"; "El Cisne de Vila- morta"; "La Madre Naturaleza"; some of them translated into English. PARDON. The pardoning power is a prerogative of the sovereign power in a state, whether representative or mon- archical. In the United States the par- doning power for offenses against the general government is vested in the President, the authority being delegated by the people through the medium of the Constitution of the country. For of- fenses against the States the pardoning power is vested in the several governors, or as in a few cases, the governor and State legislature conjointly. The signifi- cation of pardon is to be differentiated from that of amnesty, which latter is the obliteration of a peculiar line of offenses arising on a special occasion, and does not bar prosecution for offenses other than those specified, while pardon in- cludes all offenses of which a person may have up to date been guilty and absolves the offender entirely. PARDUBITZ, a town of Czecho- slovakia, at the junction of the Chru- dimka and the Elbe rivers. Prior to the World War it was in a province of Bohemia and part of the former Austro- Hungarian empire. It has a palace, several churches and public institutions. Before the war there were manufactories of spirits, sugar, agricultural imple- ments, lumber and flour. Pop. (1910) 20,419. PAREGORIC, the compound tincture of opium, benzoic acid, camphor, and oil of anise, every fluid ounce containing 2 grains each of opium and benzoic acid, and 1^/^ grains of camphor. This prep- aration is much used both by the pro- fession and the public for coughs, colic, etc. It has also been found useful in chronic rheumatism, and especially in the case of children, to relieve slight pains in the stomach and bowels. PARENT, a term of relationship ap- plicable to those from whom we imme- diately receive our being. Parents, by the law of the land, as well as by the law of nature, are bound to educate, maintain, and defend their children, over whom they have a legal as well as a natural power; they likewise have inter- ests in the profits of their children's labor, during their nonage, in case the children live with and are provided for by them; yet the parent has no interest in the real or personal estate of a child, otherwise than as his guardian. PARENTHESIS, a sentence or part of a sentence inserted in the middle of another sentence, with the subject of which it is cognate, but from which it may be omitted without impairing the grammatical construction or the substantial meaning. It is commonly marked off by upright curved lines ( ) , but frequently also by dashes . PAREPA-ROSA, MADAME (EUPHRO- SYNE Parepa de Boyesku), a British operatic singer; born in Edinburgh, May 7, 1836; made her debut in Malta in 1855; first appeared in England in 1857 and in the United States in 1866. In 1867 she married Carl Rosa and they organized an opera company in which she was very successful. Her voice was a soprano of great power and compass and she was greatly admired in oratorio singing. She died in London, Jan. 21, 1874. PARESIS, a form of paralysis, called softening of the brain, characterized by chronic progressive psychosis, affecting the nervous system in early adult life, with increasing mental degeneration, ending in death. The indication of the disorder is first shown in the moods of the patient, who becomes irritable, slov- enly, and distrait. Detail loses attrac- tion for him, and he is full of grandiose plans, new in him, and beyond his ordi- nary capacity. With increasing in- capacity a sense of his own importance is gradually developed, and he revels in