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PEDAL 158 PEDRO tain ways, most significant, William James, of Harvard. The name of Will- iam T. Harris, Superintendent of the Schools of St. Louis, and later National Commissioner of Education, for general philosophical reasons, and somewhat for particular services, is also illustrious in this field. His writings formed a quick- ening influence for all teachers. The term pedagogy is, at the present time, less commonly used than formerly. The term "Educational" or "Experi- mental Pedagogy," or "Teachers' Train- ing Courses," or "Experimental Psychol- ogy" are employed as substitutes. _ In the universities, and in certain nor- mal schools, the department of pedagogy is recognized by the giving of a degree on the completion of the regular course. This degree is usually Bachelor of Pedagogy. PEDAL, a projecting piece of metal or wood, which is to be acted upon or pressed down with the foot; a treadle; as, the pedal of a bicycle. In musical instruments, a part acted on by the feet. Also, a fixed or stationary bass; a pedal bass, pedal note, or pedal point, over which various harmonies or contrapuntal devices are constructed; they chiefly oc- cur in fugues. PEDEE, GREAT, or YADKIN, a river rising in Caldwell co., N. C, and flowing a general N. E. course to Stokes county, turns to the S. E., and following this direction rather tortuously, receiving several small tributaries on its way, it enters South Carolina, and takes the name of Great Pedee. Thence S. S. E. through this State, it enters the Atlantic Ocean by Winyaw Bay in Georgetown district. Little Pedee rises in Rich- mond CO., N. C, and flowing S. by E. into South Carolina, enters the main stream from Horry county. PEDRO I., DOM ANTONIO JOSE D'ALCANTARA, Emperor of . Brazil, eldest son of John VI., King of Portugal, elder brother of Don Miguel, and nephew to Ferdinand VII., King of Spain; born in 1798, and was taken, in 1808, with the rest of the royal family, to Brazil.^ In 1822, the Brazilians having proclaimed their independence, chose Pedro for their emperor. The death of John VI., in 1826, left Dom Pedro the crov.Ti of Portu- gal; he soon afterward established a lib- eral government in that country, and granted it a charter. After abdicating the crown of Portugal in favor of his daughter. Donna Maria, he nominated his brother, Don Miguel, regent; but scai'cely had he quitted Portugal, than Don Miguel took possession of the throne. In 1831 he was compelled to abdicate the throne of Brazil in favor of his son, Dom Pedro II. Returning to Europe, he raised troops in France and England, with which he, in 1833, drove Don Miguel from the throne of Portugal, and placed DOM PEDRO I. OF BRAZIL the crown upon the head of his daughter. He was twice married; his first wife be- ing Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria, and the second, Amelia, daugh- ter of Prince Eugene de Beauharnais. He died in 1834. PEDRO II., Emperor of Brazil; born in Rio Janeiro, in 1825; succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his father, Dom Pedro I., in 1831; and married the Princess Theresa Christina Maria (died 1890), sister of Francis I., King of Naples, in 1843. Brazil prospered greatly under the rule of Pedro II., who did much to develop its resources in every direction. In 1871 he issued an impe- rial decree for the gradual abolition of slavery, which totally ceased in Brazil in May, 1888. He made several visits to Europe; assisted President Grant in opening the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876; and was deposed by the revolution of November, 1889. He died in 1891. PEDRO v., King of Portugal; born in 1837, was the son of Donna Maria II. and Fernando of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, king-consort. He ascended the throne in 1855, and died in 1861. PEDRO THE CRUEL, King of Cas- tile and Leon; born in 1334. He suc- ceeded his father, Alfonso XL, in 1350, and in 1353 married Blanche de Bour- bon, sister of the King of France, but in