Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 07.djvu/268

PFLEIDEBER 212 PHALAROPE PFLEIDERER, OTTO, a German theologian; born in Stetten, Wiirttem- berg, Sept. 1, 1839; studied under Baur, at Tubingen, from 1857 till 1861 ; became pastor at Heilbronn in 1868, and super- intendent at Jena in 1870, exchanged for the chair of Theology there. In 1875 he was called to be Professor of Systematic Theology at Berlin. In New Testament criticism Pfleiderer belonged to the younger critical school. He made his name as well known in England and America as in Germany by a series of works which no serious student of phi- losophy or theology can afford to over- look. Of the<5e the chief are "Religion, its Essence and History" (1869); "Paul- inism" (1873 English translation 1877) ; "Philosophy of Religion" (1878) : "Out- lines of Christian Faith and Ethics" (1880) ; "The Development of Theology since Kant" (1880); "The Philosophy and Development of Religion" (1904). He died July 18, 1908. His brother, Edmund Pfleiderer, born in Stetten Oct. 12, 1842, studied at Tiibin- gen; was made Professor of Philosophy at Kiel in 1873, whence he was called to Tubingen in 1878. His writings include "Studies on Leibnitz" (1870) ; "On Em- piricism and Scepticism in Hume's Phi- losophy" (1874); "Modern Pessimism" (1875) ; "Kantian Criticism and English Philosophy" (1881); "Lotze" (2d ed. 1884); "Heraclitus of Ephesus" (1886), etc. He died April 2, 1902. PFORZHEIM, a manufacturing town of Baden; at the JN. border of the Black Forest, 20 miles S. E. of Carls- ruhe. In contains the remains of an ancient castle, from 1300 to 1565 the resi- dence of the Margraves of Baden-Dur- lach, and was the birthplace of Reuchlin. The town is famous for the manufacture of gold and silver ornaments, has chemi- cal and iron works, machine-shops, tan- neries, paper and other factories. There is a trade in timber, cattle, ornaments, etc. The town was burned by the French in 1689. Pop. about 50,000. PH^DO, a Greek philosopher of Elis, who flourished about 400 B. C, was originally a slave, but obtained his free- dom_ by the interest of Socrates, whose disciple he became, and remained with him till his death. After this he settled at his native place, where he founded a school of philosophy. PHAETON, in Greek mythology, ac- cording to Ovid, a son of the sun, or Phoebus. Venus became enamored of him, and intrusted him with the care ot one of her temples. This favor rendered him vain, and led to his asking his father's permission to drive his chariot one day. Phoebus represented the dan- gers to which this would expose him ; but in vain. He undertook the aerial jour- ney. The flying horses immediately de- parted from the usual track. Phaeton repented too late of his rashness; heaven and earth were threatened with a uni- versal conflagration, when Jupiter struck the rider with a thunderbolt, and hurled him headlong down into the river Po. His body, consumed with fire, was found by the nymphs of the place. There was a drama by Euripides on Phaeton. Also an open carriage like a chaise, on four wheels, and drawn by two horses. PHAGOCYTES (leucocites) , micro- scopic masses of protoplasm capable of ameboid movements, occurring in the blood lymph, and bone marrow, where they absorb and assimilate bacteria and microbes appearing therein. PHALANGES,, in zoology, the popular English name for any individual of the sub-family Phalangistinse. Phalangers are small woolly-coated marsupials, with opposable great toes, which are destitute of a nail. They are, for the most part, vegetable feeders, though some are in- sectivorous. They may be grouped in two classes, those with, and those with- out, a flying membrane. PHALANX, in Greek antiquities, the close order of battle in which the heavy- armed troops of a Grecian army were usually drawn up. In anatomy, pha- langes or phalanxes are the small bones of the fingers and toes, so called from their regular disposition. Normally each digit has three phalanxes. Called also internodes. PHALARIS, a small genus of grasses, of which the seed of one of the species, P. canariensis, or canary grass, is exten- sively employed as food for birds, and commonly known as canary seed. PHALAROPE, the popular name of any individual of the genus Phalaropus, extending throughout northern Europe and northern Asia. The red or red- necked phalarope (P. hyperboreus) , about the size of a sandpiper, has the upper parts blackish-grray, the feathers edged with red, sides of the neck chest- nut; thorax, breast, and belly white. The gray phalarope (P. fulicarhts) is so called from the prevailing hue of its winter plumage; in summer the upper parts exhibit a mixture of black, white, and yellow; breast and under parts red- dish chestnut. It is rather larger than the first species. Wilson's phalarope (P. wilsonii) is a North American bird; the lobes of the toes have a narrower bor- der, and the legs are longer and slenderer