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PHILIP 221 PHILIP King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen of Castile, he obtained the Spanish crown. He died in 1506. Philip II., son of the Emperor Charles V. and Elizabeth of Portugal; born in Valladolid, in 1527. Of a cold and gloomy nature, he was educated by ec- clesiastics, and his reign was marked by a crusade against political and religious freedom. He married, in 1543, his cousin Mary of Portugal, who became the mother of Don Carlos, and died in 1545. In 1554 he received from his father the kingdom of Naples, and the same year, after troublesome negotia- tions, married Mary, Queen of England. He was disliked in England, and soon quitted it. His father gave up to him PHILIP II. OF SPAIN the Netherlands in October, 1555, and the kingdom of Spain early in the fol- lowing year. He declared war on France, and induced Queen Mary to join him; won, by his troops under the Duke of Savoy, the memorable victory of St. Quentin over the French in 1557. He vowed never to witness another battle, and he never did. He vowed also to show his gratitude by building a monas- tery, which he more than fulfilled in the magnificent Escurial. A second^ victory over the French at Gravelines, in 1558, was followed by the peace of Cateau- Cambresis. Immediately on his return to Spain, he began a terrible persecution of "heretics." The most momentous event of his reign was the revolt of the Netherlands, first V<A VU^Cyo excited by his edict against heretics, and attempt to establish the Inquisition there in 1565, and resulting, after years of war, in the establishment of the Dutch Re- public. In 1565, he persecuted the Chris- tian Moors of Granada, and provoked a revolt, which began in 1569; and after the greatest atrocities on both sides, ended by the flight or submission of the Moors in 1571. On the death of Henry, King of Portugal, in 1580, Philip con- quered that country and annexed it to Spain. He made immense preparations for an invasion of England; and in 1588, the year after Drake's attack on Cadiz, his great fleet, which he named "the In- vincible Armada," sailed from Lisbon; but a great storm and contrary winds damaged and threw it into disorder, and it was defeated by the English. It was Philip II. who removed the seat of gov- ernment from Toledo, and made Madrid the capital of Spain. He died at the Escurial, Sept. 13, 1598. Philip III., son of Philip II. and his fourth wife, Anne Mary, of Austria; born in 1578. He succeeded his father in 1598, and the following year married the Princess Margaret of Austria, by whom he had seven children. He con- tinued the war in the Netherlands; and his general, Spinola, took Ostend in 1604, after a siege of three years. But these successes were too costly, and Philip was compelled to recognize the independence of the United Provinces, and to make a truce with them in 1609. One of the most memorable, and for Spain most dis- astrous, of his measures was the expul- sion of the Moors — industrious farmers and traders, most of them. Whole prov- inces were depopulated. He died in 1621. Philip IV., son of Philip III. and Mar- garet; born in Valladolid, in 1605, mar- ried Elizabeth, daughter of Henry IV. of France, and succeeded his father in 1621. He chose for his first minister the Count of Olivarez, whose despotic administra- tion brought so many calamities on the kingdom. War was renewed with the Dutch, and only ended at the peace of Westphalia; war with France began in 1635, and lasted till 1659, when the peace of the Pyrenees was concluded, and the Infanta Maria Teresa was married to Louis XIV.; and a formidable revolt broke out in Catalonia, which was finally reduced by Don Juan in 1652. It was in the third year of this reign that the strange visit of Prince Charles of Eng- land, with the Duke of Buckingham, to Madrid took place, for the purpose of wooing the Infanta. Portugal threw off the yoke of Spain in 1640, and war fol- lowed, which was terminated by the vic- 15