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PINKROOT bar in 1786; was a member of the Leg- islature of his State that ratified the Constitution of the United States. In 1796 Washington appointed him a com- missioner to determine the claims of American merchants to compensation for losses and damages caused by the English government. In 1806 he was sent with James Monroe to treat with the English government regarding viola- tions of the rights of neutrals and was resident minister in London in 1807- 1811, when President Madison appointed him attorney-general of the United States. In 1816 he was appointed min- ister to Russia and special envoy to Naples. In 1820 he was elected to the United States Senate. He died in Wash- ington, D. C, Feb. 25, 1822. PINKROOT, Spifjelia marilandica, a medicinal herb found in the United States. PINNA, a genus of Aviculidse; shell sometimes two feet long, equivalve; um- bones anterior, posterior side truncated and gaping; hinge, edentulous; animal with a doubly fringed mantle and an elongated grooved foot; shell attached by a strong byssus spun by the animal; sometimes mixed with silk and woven into gloves; known species, recent, 30 from the United States, Great Britain, the Mediterranean, Australia, etc. PINNACE, a man-of-war's boat, next in size to the launch; it is carvel built, usually from 28 to 32 feet long, has a beam .29 to .25 of its length, and is rowed by six or eight oars. Also, a small schooner-rigged vessel provided with oars or sweeps. PINNACLE, an ornament placed on the top of a buttress as a termination to an angle or gable of a house, church, or tower; any lesser structure of any form rising above the roof of a building, or capping and terminating the higher parts of other buildings or of buttresses. Pinnacles are frequently decorated, and have the shafts formed into niches, paneled or plain. PINNATE, a botanical term meaning divided into several or many smaller leaves or leaflets; having simple leaflets arranged on both sides of a common petiole. In zoology, a term meaning shaped like a feather; having lateral processes. Also, provided with fins. PINNATED GROUSE, known also as the prairie hen, or prairie chicken. The male is remarkable as possessing two erectile tufts in the nape, and an air bladder (connected with the windpipe, and capable of inflation) on each side «f the neck, in color and shape re- Vol. VII — Cyc 253 PINOCHLE sembling small oranges; general plum- age brown, mottled with a darker shade; habitat, prairies of the Mississippi val- ley, from Louisiana N. PINNIGRADA, or PINNIPEDIA, a section of the carnivorous order of mam- mals, in which the fore and hind limbs are short, and are expanded into broad webbed swimming paddles. The section comprises the seals and walruses. PINOCLE, PINOCHLE, or PE- NUCHLE, a game of cards very popular in the United States, particularly among German-Americans. The object of the game, which may be joined in by either two, three, or four persons, is to secure 1,000 points. The game is played with two full packs of cards, mixed, from which the twos, threes, fours, fives, sixes, sevens, and eights have been taken. This is the schedule of "points" or "melds": Eight aces count 1,000 Eight kings count 800 Eight queens count 600 Eight jacks count 400 Ace, ten, king, queen, and jack of trumpg count 150 Four aces of different suits count 100 Four kings of different suits count _. . 80 Two queens of spades and two jacks of dia- monds (double pinochle) count 80 Four queens of different suits count 60 Four jacks of different suits count 40 Queen of spades and jack of diamonds (pi- nochle) count 40 King and queen of trumps (royal marriage) count 40 King and queen of a suit not trumps (mar- riage) count 20 Nine spot of trumps counts 10 The relative value of the cards is: Ace counts for 10 points, 10 spot counts for 10 points, king for five, queen for five. The last trick counts 10 points for the player who takes it. The total points, therefore, of the cards and last trick combined amount to 250. Four- handed pinochle is usually played two against two as partners, sitting opposite one another. The cards are all dealt out, four at a time, each player receiv- ing 12, and the last card is turned up for trump. If a nine is turned up the dealer is credited at once with 10 points; if any other card is turned up either of the other players who holds a nine of trumps may exchange it for the trump card and claim 10 points, the player sit- ting on the left-hand side of the dealer having the preference. Each player then melds whatever he has in his hand and the partners score together. The eldest hand then leads a card for the first trick. In every trick each player must follow suit; if he cannot he must trump; if neither is possible, he may play any card he pleases; if trump is played, he must beat the card with a higher one, if possible; the player who 17