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PITTSBURGH UNIVERSITY 263 PIUS tion for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, Home for Incurables, etc. Finances. — In 1919 the total bonded debt of the city was $35,199,093, less sinking fund. The assessed valuation in 1919 was real estate $806,020,730, and tax rate $1.33 per hundred. History. — In 1754, at the suggestion of George Washington the English began to erect a blockhouse on the present site of the city. They were, however, driven away by the French, who built a fort at the junction of the two rivers and named it Du Quesne. In 1758, af- ter two unsuccessful attempts to retake the place, the English under General Forbes made a third attempt, and the French burned and evacuated the fort. In the following year another fort was erected here, named in honor of William Pitt. Shortly after a village was es- tablished by some English and Scotch settlers. The British withdrew from the post in 1772, and it was held by Virginia in 1775-1779. The place was incorpor- ated as a city March 18, 1816. PITTSBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF, a non-sectarian educational institution, founded in 1819 as the Western Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, under which name it was known until 1908. The enroll- ment of students in 1919 was 4,191, and the faculty numbered 461. The produc- tive funds in 1919 were $570,000 and the income amounted to $700,000. The li- brary contained about 35,000 volumes. The chancellor was Samuel Black Mc- Cormick, D.D., LL.D. PITTSFIELD, a city and county-seat of Berkshire co., Mass.; on the Housa- tonic river, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford and the Boston and Albany railroads; 52 miles W. of Spring- field. The city comprises about a dozen villages. Here are a high school, pri- vate schools, the Berkshire Athenaeum with art gallery and public library. House of Mercy Hospital, Berkshire County Home for Aged Women, Bishop Memorial Training School for Nurses, Berkshire Agricultural Society, church- es, public schools, street railroads, electric lights. National and savings banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The city has manufac- tories of cotton and woolen goods, silk, knit goods, shirts, shoes, pianos, paper making machinery, overalls, paper, machinery, brick, electric machinery, shuttles and bobbins, and brass castings. Pop. (1910) 32,121; (1920) 41,534. PITTSTON, a city in Luzerne co.. Pa., on the Susquehanna river, and on the Lehigh Valley, the Lackawanna and Wyoming Valley, the Lackawanna and other railroads;' 9 miles S. W. of Scran- ton. Here are waterworks, Ras and electric lights, several banks, and a num- ber of daily and weekly newspapers. It is chiefly a mining town, though there are several manufacturing industries, in- cluding a knitting mill, a silk mill, foun- dries and stove, car- wheel, engine, and iron roofing works. The city was set- tled about 1770, was incorporated as a borough in 1853, and became a city of the third class in 1894. Pittston has an assessed property valuation of nearly $1,500,000. Pop. (1910) 16,267; (1920) 18,497. PITUITARY BODY, a small reddish- gray mass divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, and occupying the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. Formerly called the pituitary gland, from the er- roneous belief that it discharged mucus into the nostrils. PIT VILLAGES, collections of earth caves dug in the ground and covered with stones, wooden or wattle lids, or clay or sods of turf. They were used by prehistoric races or by races at the lowest stages of barbarism. The pits are oval or pear-shaped, varying be- tween 22 and 42 feet in length and from five feet high. PIURA, a department of Peru with an area of 14,834 square miles. While the eastern part is mountainous with valleys of considerable fertility, the western portion is chiefly desert land. Cotton is grown to some extent and min- erals are found. The capital is the city of the same name. Pop., department, about 200,000; city, about 15,000. PIUS, the name of a number of Popes, as follows: Pius I., succeeded Hyginus in 142, and died in 157. Pius II. (^neas Sylvani Piccolo- mini); born in Tuscany in 1405, of an ancient and illustrious family. In 1431 he assisted at the Council of Basel as secretary; was afterward secretary to the anti-Pope Felix V., and then to the Emperor Frederick III. Eugenius IV. chose him for apostolic secretary, Nich- olas V. made him a bishop, and sent him as nuncio to Bohemia, Moravia and Si- lesia and Calixtus III. created him car- dinal. Pius had by this time become a zealous supporter of the power of the Pope. He was one of the most learned men of his time and distinguished him- self by moderation and a conciliatory spirit. He was chosen to succeed Calix- tus III. in 1458, and in the following year assembled a congress at Mantua for the purpose of arranging a crusade against the Turks. He soon after published a bull against appeals to a council, which