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POLKA 295 POLLOCK posing Sherman's march to Atlanta. He was killed while reconnoitering on Pine Mountain, June 14, 1864. POLKA, a well known dance, the music to which is in % time, with the third quaver accented. There are three steps in each bar, the fourth beat is always a rest, the three steps performed on the three first beats of every bar. POLLACK, Gadus pollachius, a com- mon fish on British coasts, belonging to the cod, haddock, and whiting genus. It is about the size of the coal-fish, is active in habit, and is frequently caught. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and there is no barbel. In Scotland and in some parts of Ireland it is called lythe. POLLAN, or POWAN, Coregonus pollan, from the Irish Lakes, somewhat resembling a herring {Clupea harengus) , but with a remarkably short head and deep body. POLLARD, the name given to a tree the head of which has been lopped off about 8 or 10 feet from the ground, in order to induce it to send out bushy shoots, which are cut periodically for basket making, fuel, fencing, or other purposes. POLLARD, ALBERT FREDERIC, an English historian and writer; born in 1869, and educated at Oxford University. From January, 1893, until 1901 he was the assistant editor of the "Dictionary of National Biography," serving at the same time on the faculties of Victoria University, Manchester, and in Cam- bridge University. In 1916 he became Creighton Lecturer in the University of London, a position which he now holds. His best known historical work is his "Reign of Henry VII.," from contem- porary sources, 3 volumes, published in 1913. POLLEN, in botany, the pulverulent or other substance which fills the cells ot the Anther iq.v). It consists of minute granules varying in size and inclosing a fluid containing molecular matter. It is the male element in a plant, correspond- ing to the seminal fluid in animals, and is designed to fertilize the seed. In en- tomology, pollen collected from plants and carried on the outer surface of the tibiae of bees. Mixed with honey, it be- comes the food of the larvse. POLLIO, CAITJS ASINIUS, a Roman soldier; born in Rome, 76 B. C. He sided with Caesar in the civil war fought at Pharsalia, and commanded in Spain against Sextus Pompeius, but was de- feated. He sided with the triumvirs against the oligarchic senate, and was appointed by Antony to settle the vet- erans on the lands assigned them in Transpadane Gaul. It was now that he saved the property of the poet Vergil at Mantua from confiscation. After An- tony and Octavian had quarreled, it was Pollio who effected their temporary reconciliation at Brundusium (40). This year he was consul, when Vergil's fourth eclogue was addressed to him. The year after he went to Greece as legate of Antony, and defeated the Par- thini, a people of Illyria. This was the period of Vergil's eighth eclogue, also addressed to Pollio. Thereafter he with- drew altogether from political life, and survived till A. D. 4. Pollio was the first to establish a public library at Rome, and was the patron of Vergil, Horace, and other poets. His own orations, trage- dies and history have perished. POLLOCK, an illustrious family de- scended from David Pollock, saddler to George III. in the later part of the 18th century, who kept a shop near Charing Cross. Three of his sons rose to emi- nence — Sir David Pollock, chief justice of Bombay (died 1847); Sir Frederick Pollock; and field-marshal Sir George PoLLCCK. The second, Frederick, was born Sept. 23, 1783, and in 1802 passed from St. Paul's School to Trinity College, Cambridge, where in 1806 he graduated B. A. as senior wrangler and was elected a fellow of his college, and called to the bar at the Middle Temple. Was attor- ney-general in 1834-1835 and 1841-1844; and in the last year succeeded Lord Abinger as Chief Baron of the Ex- chequer, He had been knighted in 1834, and on his retirement in 1866 he received a baronetcy. He died Aug. 23, 1870. His eldest son, SiR Frederick Pollock, born April 3, 1815, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge (1832-1836), and in 1838 was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. He was appointed a master of the Court of Exchequer (1846), and Queen's Remembrancer (1874); in 1876 became senior master of the Supreme Court of Judicature; in 1886 resigned his offices. Besides a goo^ many magazine articles, he published a blank verse translation of Dante (1854), and two pleasant volumes of "Personal Remembrances" (1887). He died Dec. 24, 1888. His oldest son, also Sir Freder- ick Pollock, third baronet; born Dec. 10, 1845, and from Eton passed to Trin- ity, where in 1868 he obtained a fel- lowship. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1871, and becanie pro- fessor of Jurisprudence at University College, London (1882), Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford (1883), and