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POON WOOD 306 POPE at the cantonments, N. W. of the city. The natives manufacture cottons and silks, gold and silver jewelry, ivory and glass ornaments, and clay figures. Pop. about 160,000. The district has an area of 5,348 square miles. Pop. about 1,000,000. POON WOOD, the wood of the poon tree {Calophyllum inophyllum and Calo- phylluni angustifolium) , a native of In- dia. It is of a light, porous texture and is much used in the East Indies in ship- building for planks and spars. The Cal- cutta poon is preferred to that of other districts. Poon seed yields an oil called dilo, poon-seed oil, etc. POORE, BENJAMIN PERLEY, an American author; born in Newbury, Mass., Nov. 2, 1820; spent several years abroad, and devoted much time to re- search in French history. On his return he became active in journalism, and for 30 years was Washington correspondent of the "Boston Journal." His works in- clude "The Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe" (1848); "Early Life of Na- poleon" (1851) ; "Reminiscences of Sixty Years" (1886). He died in Washington, D. C, May 30, 1887. POORE, HENRY RANKIN, an Amer- ican artist; born in Newark, N. J., 1859, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1883. His first pictures were combinations of figures and animal subjects, but his later work has been devoted to landscape pictures, mostly of New England scenes. Amon^ his most celebrated works are "Hounds m Winter" (1898); "Pilgrim Sons" (1915). He is the author of a valuable book for stu- dents of art entitled "Pictorial Composi- tion and the Critical Judgment of Pic- tures" (1913). POP AY AN, capital of Cauca, Colom- bia, near river Cauca, 226 miles S. W. of Bogota. Buildings include university, city hall, cathedral and ecclesiastical seminaries. Seat of archbishopric. Formerly a gold mining center, but now has few industries, including sheep rais- ing, wool and blanket manjfactures. Pop. about 20,000. POPE, a bishop of the Christian Church ; specifically, the Bishop of Rome. The term Papa, or Papas (father), has always been given by the (jreek Church to presbyters, like the term Father now applied to a Roman priest. In the early centuries the bishops received the same title till, in a council held at Rome in 1076, at the instance of Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), it was limited to the Bishop of Rome. Holding that office, being also Metropolitan of Rome and primate, and claiming to be the earthly head of the Church universal, it is in the last named capacity that the term Pope is held to be specially applicable. It has been a matter of controversy among Roman Catholics whether the authority of the Pope was above or below that of the General Council. That of Pisa (1409), claiming to be a General Council, deposed two rival Popes, and appointed a third; but the two former repudiated the authority of the council, and exer- cised their functions as before. The Council of Constance (1414-1418) also deposed two rival Popes and elected one. In 751 Pope Zachary being consulted as to the right of the warlike French to depose their incompetent king, Childeric, and raise Pepin, the able mayor of the palace, to the sovereignty, sanctioned the proceeding. Pepin, in return, became his friend, and handed over to the Church the Exarchate and the Pentap- olis. Charlemagne, in 774, confirmed and enlarged the gift. In 1076 or 1077 the Princess Matilda, daughter of Boni- face, Duke of Tuscany, made the Holy See heir to her extensive possessions. Thus arose "the States of the Church" which figured on the map of Europe as an independent sovereignty till Sept. 20, 1870, when the troops of Victor Em- manuel, King of Italy, entered Rome, nominally in the interests of order, and took possession of the palace for the Italian kingdom. On July 2 and 3, 1871, the seat of government was removed thither. It still continues the metropo- lis. No interference took place with the Pope's purely spiritual authority, but much with his temporal possessions and revenues. A Papal Election. — When the death of the reigning Pope is imminent the Dean of the College of Cardinals summons his colleagues to the residence of the dying pontiff. Prayers are ordered in all the Roman churches. Immediately after the death of the Pope the cardinal camer- lingo knocks thrice on the door of the bed chamber where the body lies. Get- ting no answer, he enters and with a sil- ver mallet taps thrice on the forehead of the dead man, calling him three times by name. The announcement of the Pope's death is then publicly made and the cardinal camerlingo takes an inventory of the property in the palace and seals up the dead pontiff's papers. Nine days is the official period of mourning. ()n the ninth day the remains, which have been lying in state in St. Peter's, are accorded a magnificent public funeral and are placed in the temporary receiv- ing tomb, there to remain till the next Pop© dies, when they are interred in the