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PUTNAM 886 PUTS and CALLS Folk-lore Society (1901) and of Ameri- can Anthropological Society (1905). Died 1915. PUTNAM, GEOBGE HAVEN, an American publisher and author, son of George P.; born in London, England, April 2, 1844. He entered the publish- ing business in 1866, and was the head of the firm of G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. His works include: "Interna- tional Copyright" (1879) ; "Authors and Publishers" (1883) ; "Authors and Their Public in Ancient Times" (1893) ; "Books and Their Makers during the Middle Ages" (1896) ; "Abraham Lin- coln" (1909) ; "Memoirs of a Publisher" (1915). PUTNAM, GEORGE PALMER, an American publisher and author; born in Brunswick, Me., Feb. 7, 1814. In 1848 he established the publishing house now conducted under the name of G. P. Put- nam's Sons; and also founded "Putnam's Magazine." His works include: "Amer- ican Facts" (1845); "The World's Pro- gress" (1850) ; "Ten Years of the World's Progress"; etc. He died in New York, Dec. 20, 1872. PUTNAM, HERBERT, an American librarian; born in New York City, Sept. 20, 1861; was graduated at Harvard in 1883; studied at the Columbia Law School; was admitted to the Minnesota bar in 1886; librarian of the Boston Public Library in 1895-1899; librarian of Congress since 1899. Twice Presi- dent of the American Library Associa- tion. PUTNAM, ISRAEL, an American general in the Revolutionary War; born in Danvers, Mass., in 1718. He was a farmer until the French and Indian war broke out, when, at the age of 86, he took service in the Eng- lish army having command of a company of "rangers." When the dis- pute between his country and England commenced, he was created Major-Gen- eral by Congress; and at Bunker Hill, New York, and during Washington's re- treat through New Jersey, he showed himself one of the bravest of the patriot leaders. In 1779 he was stricken with paralysis. His character is well de- picted by the inscription on his tomb: "He dared to lead where any dared to follow." He died in 1790. PUTNAM, V/ILLIAM LE BARON, an American jurist; born in Bath, Me., May 26, 1835; was a member of a com- mission to arrange with the British gov- ernment the rights of American fisher- men in Canadian waters in 1887; served also as a commissioner under the treaty of Feb. 8, 1896, between the United States and Great Britain; and was ap- pointed a judge of the United States Circuit Court in 1892. Died 1918. PUTNAM, FORT, the principal de- fense of West Point during the Revolu- tion. Now in ruins. PUTNEY, a suburb of London, Eng- land, in Surrey, 6 miles W. S. W. of Waterloo, on the S. side of the Thames. It is a great rowing place, the starting point of the Oxford and Cambridge boat race. The parish church, with a 15th century tower and the chantry of Bishop West of Ely, was mainly rebuitt in 1836; in the churchyard is Toland's grave. Putney is the birthplace of Thomas Cromwell and Gibbon, and the death place of Pitt and Leigh Hunt. PUTNIK, VOIVODE (WAR LEAD- ER) RADOMIR, Serbian general, born in 1847, in Serbia, but son of Austrian Serbs ; educated in the iriilitary academy in Belgrade; served as captain of in- fantry during the war against Turkey, in 1876; served in the war against Bul- garia, 1885; and at the beginning of the first Balkan War, when Serbia, Bul- garia, Montenegro and Greece allied themselves against Turkey, in 1912, he was raised to the rank of Voivode, mean- ing literally, war chief, the first Serbian officer to attain this special rank. As such he was in command of all the Serb- ian forces, during the second Balkan War, as well, when Serbia fought Bul- garia. When the Austrians opened hos- tilities, in 1914, by their attempted in- vasion of Serbia, Voivode Putnik was still in command, and so remained until the final invasion in 1915, when Austria received German reinforcements under Von Mackensen. PUTREFACTION, the apparently spontaneous decomposition of organic substances, especially those rich in nitro- gen. PUTS and CALLS, terms used in American stock dealings. The trade in privileges is something which is scarcely understood outside of Board of Trade and Stock Exchange circles. For $1 per 1,000 bushels a trader can purchase the privilege to "put" (sell) or "call" (buy) from the seller of the privilege at a stip- ulated price and within a stipulated time. The ordinary privileges are sold one day to be good to the close of the next ses- sion. In inactive markets the "put" and "call" prices may be close together and close to the market price of the property. They are countenanced by the State of New York and are a regular feature in the New York Stock Exchange. In Illi- nois they are specifically classed as gam-