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QUEBRACHO 398 QUEENSLAND pregnable character Quebec has been called the Gibraltar of America, The shipping of lumber is the princi- pal industry. The chief exports, besides lumber, include iron castings, leather, boots and shoes, grain, peltries, musical instruments, nails, machinery, india- rubber goods, cutlery, steel, and rope. There is an abundant water supply from Lake St, Charles, The principal buildings are the Par- liament and Departmental buildings, city hall, custom house, court house, the Ba- silica, Masonic Hall, the Seminary of Quebec, Laval University (R, C), Mor- rin College (Pres.), Ursuline Convent, Church of England, Female Orphan Asy- lum, St. Bridget's Asylum, the Ladies' Protestant Home, Jeffrey Hale Hospital, Marine Hospital, and the Gray Nunnery. The citadel of Quebec, built on the sum- mit of Cape Diamond, at a height of 333 feet above the river, is said to be the most formidable fortification in North America. There is a beautiful monu- ment to the memory of Wolfe and Mont- calm, in the governor's garden which overlooks the St. Lawrence river. On the Plains of Abraham in the suburbs stands a monument to Wolfe, commem- orating the victory of 1759. The cite of Quebec, originally occupied by an Indian village named Stadacona, was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535; but the city was founded by Cham- plain in 1608. It continued to be the center of French trade and civilization, as well as of Roman Catholic missions in North America till 1759, when it fell into the hands of Great Britain by the victory of Wolfe on the Heights of Abra- ham above the city. Quebec remained the chief city of Canada till the British settlements in the West were erected into a separate province, when it became the capital of Canada East, now forming the province of Quebec. Pop. about 120,000. QUEBRACHO, in botany, Aspido- sperma quebracho, a Chilean apocyna- ceous tree; its bark is used as a febrifuge and in lung or bronchial diseases. It is called also white quebracho, to distin- guish it from the red quebracho, a Mexi- can tree, QUEDAH, or KEBAH, a state on the W, side of the Malay Peninsula, with an area of 3,600 square miles. Pop. about 250,000, nominally subject to Siam. The capital, from which the state takes its name, has a population of about 30,000. QUEDLINBURG, a town of Prussia, at the N, base of the Harz Mountains; 56 miles S, E. of Brunswick, Founded by Henry the Fowler in 924, it is still in part surrounded by a wall flanked with towers. On an eminence overlooking the town stands the castle, which prior to the Reformation was the residence of the ab- besses of Quedlinburg. The town has manufactures of sugar, wire goods, and farinaceous foods. Pop, about 27,500, QUEEN ADELAIDE ARCHIPEL- AGO, a group of islands, belonging to Chile; N, of the W, entrance of the Strait of Magellan; separated by Smyth Chan- nel from King William Land on the mainland, ^ QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY, the name given to a fund appropriated to increase the income of the poorer clergy of Eng- land, created out of the first fruits and tenths, which before the Reformation formed part of the papal exactions from the clergy. QUEEN BEE, in entomology, a fully developed female bee in a hive or nest. She lays 2,000 or 3,000 eggs daily during the height of summer, or more than 1,000,000 during her lifetime, which is about five years. See Bee. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, a group to the N, of Vancouver Island, off the coast of British Columbia; area, 5,100 square miles. The two principal islands, Graham and Moresby, have a length of 160 and a greatest breadth of nearly 70 miles. The climate is healthy, but very rainy. Anthracite coal, cop- per and iron ore, and gold bearing quartz have been found, and forests abound. The inhabitants are about 2,000 Indians, who engage in fishing. QUEEN'S BOROUGH. See New York. QUEEN'S COLLEGE, for women, was established in London, in 1848, and in- corporated by royal charter in 1853. Its aim is to provide for the higher education of women, in the first place by a liberal school training, and subsequently by a six years' course of college education. QUEENSLAND, since 1901 an Aus- tralian state, comprising the whole N. E. portion of Australia N. of New South Wales and E. of South Australia and its Northern Territory, being elsewhere bounded by the Gulf of Carpentaria, Torres Strait, and the Pacific. A con- siderable portion is thus within the trop- ics, the extreme N. part forming a sort of peninsula, known as York Peninsula. It has an area of 670,500 square miles; pop. about 715,000. Topography. — Toward the W. a large portion of the surface is dry and bar- ren, but toward the E., and for a long stretch along the coast, boundless plains or downs, admirably adapted for sheep walks. The highest mountains are near the coast, the greatest elevation being