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RAVIGNAN 441 BAWLINSON sea. The city was probably of Umbrian origin. Augustus made it a first-class seaport and naval station; 400 years later the Emperor Honorius took refuge there, and made it the capital of the empire. In 1218 it became a republic. In 1275 Guide da Polenta conducted it, and there established his court, where he received Dante. Ravenna was after- ward taken by the Venetians, who kept it till 1509. Under Charles V. it passed into the hands of the Popes. Under its walls a great battle was fought in 1512 between the French and the Spaniards, in which Gaston de Foix purchased vic- tory with his life. Pop., city, about 75,000; province, about 260,000. BAVIGNAN, GUSTAV FRANCOIS XAVIER DELACROIX DE, a French Jesuit preacher; born in Bayonne, France, Dec. 2, 1795; was professor at Montrouge, and became famous in 1837 as preacher at Notre Dame in Paris. He published an Apology of his order in 1844, and in 1854 a more lengthened work with the same view, "Clement XIII. and Clement XIV." He died Feb. 26, 1858. RAWALPINDI, a town and impor- tant military station of the Punjab, India, between the Indus and Jhelum rivers, 160 miles N. W. of Lahore. There are an arsenal (1883), a fort, a fine public park, and several European churches. The place carries on an active transit trade with Kashmere and Af- ghanistan. Here the Sikhs surrendered after their defeat at Gujrat (1849), and here too was held, in 1885, a great durbar or review, at which the Ameer of Af- ghanistan met Earl Dufferin, governor- general of India. Pop., district, about 4,500,000; town, about 90,000. RAWA RTJSSKA, BATTLE OF, a series of engagements of the first mag- nitude between the Russian and Austrian armies, beginning Sept. 8, 1914, and lasting eight days, taking its name from a small city in Galicia, inhabited chiefly by Jews. About 250,000 men on both sides were engaged during the first few days, added re-enforcements brining the number up to fully 300,000 during the later phase of the fighting. The Austrians were disastrously de- feated. RAWLINS, JOHN AARON, an Amer- ican military officer; born in Galena, 111., Feb. 13, 1831. Before the Civil War he was a lawyer; adjutant-general of General Grant in September, 1861, and served as such in the campaigns of 1862 and 1863; in March, 1865, was appointed chief of General Grant's staff, with the rank of Brigadier-General in the U. S. A. He became Secretary of War in March, 1869. He died in Washington, D. C, Sept. 9, 1869. RAWLINSON, GEORGE, an English Orientalist; born in Chadlington, Eng- land, Nov. 23, 1812; educated at Cam- bridge; preached the Bampton Lectures in 1859; was elected Camden Professor of Ancient History in 1861, and made a canon of Canterbury in 1872. He pub- lished a translation of Herodotus with a commentary (1858-1860); "The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World" (1862-18G7), followed by the Sixth (1873) and the "Seventh Oriental Monarchy" (1876); "History of Ancient Egypt" (1881); "Egypt and Babylon" (1885) ; "Phoenicia" (1889) ; "Memoir of Gen. H. C. Rawlinson" (1898). He died in 1902. RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRES- WICKE, an English Orientalist and dip- lomatist; born in Chadlington, England, April 11, 1810; entered the East Indian Company's army in 1827. In 1833 he went to Persia to assist in organizing the Persian army. During the six years he spent there he began to study the cunei- form inscriptions, and made a translation of Darius' famous Behistun inscription, which he published in the "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society." After he left Persia he held command of Kandahar during the troublous times of 1840-1842 (see Afghanistan) ; was appointed po- litical agent at Bagdad in 1844, and consul-general there in 1851. Five years later he returned home to England, w^as made K. C. B., and appointed by the crown director of the East India Com- pany. In 1858 he went back to Persia as British minister, but remained at Teheran only one year. Appointed a member of the Council of India in 1868, he was nominated its vice-president in 1876. Other public positions he held — the presidency of the Royal Geographical Society (1871); a trusteeship of the British Museum (1879) ; a directorship of the Royal Asiatic Society. He was made a baronet in 1891. He wrote: "A Commentary on the Cuneiform Inscrip- tions of Babylon and Assyria" (1850) ; "Outline of the History of Assyria" (1852) ; "The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia"; "England and Russia in the East" (2d ed. 1875); etc. He died in London, March 5, 1895. RAWLINSON. BARON HENRY SEYMOUR, a British military officer. He was born in 1864, at Knoyle, Wilts, and was educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and the Staff College, Camberley. In 1884 he entered the 60th K. R. Rifles, and in 1887 was A. D, JD, to Sir Fred-