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BEIGATE 483 BEINDEER MOSS TJniterf States as special ambassador at Queen Victoria's jubilee in 1897; mem- ber of the American-Spanish Peace Com- mission in 1898; special ambassador of the United States at the coronation of King Edward VII. in 1902, and am- bassador 1905-1912. He is author of: "Ohio in the War" (1868); "Schools of Journalism" (1871) ; "The Scholar in Politics" (1873) ; "Some Consequences of the Last Treaty of Paris" (1899) ; "Our New Duties" and "Later Aspects of Our New Duties" (1899); "Our New Inter- ests" (1900) ; "Problems of Expansion" (1900). Died in 1912. REIGATE, a thriving market-town of Sux'rey, England; 21 miles S. of Lon- don. Of the castle of the Earls of War- renne little remains save a grassy mound. The church contains the grave of Lord Howard of Effingham, and a li- brary (1701) with some curious MSS. and many of Evelyn's books. Foxe, the martyrologist, lived here, and here Arch- bishop Usher died. Pop. about 30,000. REIGN OF TERROR, a period of the French Revolution, conspicuous for its horrors and cruelties. It is generally considered to extend from Jan. 21, 1793, the date of the execution of Louis XIV., to July 28, 1794, when Robespierre and other sanguinary leaders were guillo- tined on the spot where their victims had been killed. REIMS. See Rheims, REINAOH, JOSEPH, a French states- man and journalist. Born in 1856, he was educated at the University of Paris and admitted to the bar in 1877. From 1881-1882 he was private secretaiT to Gambetta. In 1886 he became part owner of a newspaper called "Republique Fran^aise." Three years later he was chosen as a Liberal-Republican member of the House of Deputies. He took a great interest in the defense of Dreyfus and has published an authoritative his- tory of the case. So bitterly did he wage war in behalf of his republican ideas that he was at one time expelled from his captaincy in the army and de- prived of the Legion of Honor. REINDEER, the Rangifer tarandus, the only domesticated species of the family. It extends over the boreal re- gions of both hemispheres, and runs into several well marked varieties. Many authors consider the American reindeer or caribou, which has never been domes- ticated, as a distinct species. The rein- deer formerly had a much wider geo- graphical range, and is probably the bos cervi figura described by Caesar as inhabiting the Hercynian forests, prob- ably when the European winters were much severer than now. Both the male and female have antlers, and these are not alike on both sides, the great pal- mated brow antler being, as a rule, de- veloped on one side only. In the winter the fur is long, grayish brown on the body; neck, hind-quarters, and belly white. In summer the gray hair dark- ens into a sooty brown, and the white parts become gray. To the Laplander the reindeer is the only representative of wealth, and it serves him as a substi- tute for the horse, the cow, the sheep, and the goat. It is extensively employed as a beast of draught and carriage, being broken to draw sledges, or to carry men or packages on its back- A REINDEER full-grown animal can draw a weight of 300 pounds, and travel at the rate of 100 miles a day, its broad deeply cleft hoofs fitting it admirably for traveling over the broken snow. In winter the herds feed in the woods on the lichens which hang from the trees; in summer they seek the mountains in order to escape the mosquitoes and gad-flies. In 1891 domestic reindeer were introduced into Alaska by Dr. Sheldon Jackson for the benefit of the natives who frequently suffered for food, and for purposes of transportation. In 1898 Dr Jackson, as agent of the United States Government, procured a colony of Laplanders to train the natives in the care of the reindeer. REINDEER MOSS, a lichen, the Cenomyce rangifei-ina, or ^ Cladonia rangiferina, which forms the winter food of the reindeer. It is abundant in the pine forests of Lapland, and flourishes