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HEPUBLICAN PABTY 605 EEPUDIATION in the Dred Scott Case and the progress of events in Kansas greatly strengthened the party, and after the divisions among the Democrats over the same question in 1860 the success of the Republicans was assured. In 1860 the party elected Abraham Lincoln President. The sec- tional issue was still more strongly marked and he received the electoral votes of the free States except New Jer- sey, which gave three votes to Mr. Doug- las. On the announcement of his elec- tion the Southern States prepared to se- cede, South Carolina leading, followed by 10 others. Mr, Lincoln was inaugu- rated March 4, 1861, General Scott care- fully supervising the ceremony. He as- serted that there was no right to inter- fere with slavery in the States where it existed, and acknowledged that of the reclamation of fugitive slaves; but he expressed his determination to execute the laws and protect public property. The conduct of the Civil War was in the hands of the Republican party, though northern Democrats formed a large pro- portion of the Union army. In 1864 Mr. Lincoln was unanimously nominated by the Republicans, and was re-elected by an overwhelming majority. The war was brought to a close by the surrender of General Lee, April 9, 1865; on the 14th Mr. Lincoln was assassinated, and died the next day, Andrew John- son, the Vice-President, immediately succeeded him, and continued his cabinet. Mr. Johnson had been a loyal Union man of Tennessee and was chosen in view of the reconstruction of the South, He soon disagreed with the party and came into actual conflict with Congress. He was impeached March 23, 1868, but ac- quitted May 16 and 26 for lack of one of two-thirds for conviction, Chief-Jus- tice Chase presided at this trial. In 1868 Ulysses S, Grant was elected Presi- dent. His election was urged on the ground that the Republican party, hav- ing successfully finished the war, main- tained public credit, abolished slavery, and secured liberty, was the proper one to carry on the government. In May, 1872, the Liberal Republicans met in Cincinnati, and nominated Horace Gree- ley, which action was indorsed by the Democratic convention. The Republi- cans nominated General Grant, and re- elected him by a larger vote than that of the former term. In 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes, by the decision of the Presi- dential Electoral Commission, was de- clared elected. During this administra- tion the resumption of specie payments took place, Jan. 1, 1879, and the recon- struction of the South went forward. In 1880 James A. Garfield was elected president, and died Sept. 19, 1881, from wounds inflicted July 2, and Chester A. Arthur, the Vice-President, took his place. In 1884 there arose a consider- able defection from the party ranks, the seceders calling themselves Independent Republicans, and declining to vote for James G, Blaine, the regular nominee. As a result Grover Cleveland, the Demo- cratic candidate, was chosen. In 1888 the party again triumphed in the Na- tional election, Benjamin Harrison de- feating Grover Cleveland on the tariff issue. During this administration, largely by the diplomacy of Mr. Blaine, Secretary of State, reciprocity trade re- lations were established with five South American States, with Austria-Hungary, Spain and Great Britain (as to British Guiana, and some of the British West India islands), admitting certain articles free of duty for the mutual advantage of these States and the United States, A new tariff bill, known as the McKinley bill, was passed favoring protection. A brief protectorate was assumed by the United States minister to Hawaii over the islands (see Hawaii). In 1892 the party was defeated by the second elec- tion of Grover Cleveland and a Demo- cratic Congress. In 1894 it again came into power in Congress by signal majori- ties carrying even Kentucky and other Democratic strongholds; and in 1896 re- gained all branches of the Government by the election of William McKinley and an increased majority of Congress. In 1899 the Republican party held the gov- ernorship in 26 States, and controlled the legislature in 22, with a plurality in several others. In 1900 President Mc- Kinley was re-elected, his first adminis- tration having been marked by a general business prosperity, and the successful waging of the war against Spain, "in the interest of humanity." On the death of President McKinley, from an assassin's bullet, Sept. 14, 1901, his place was filled by Theodore Roosevelt, Vice-President. Elected President 1904. The Panama Canal was begun in his administration, and completed in the Taft administration that followed. In 1912, Taft and Sherman ran for re-elec- tion, Roosevelt and Hiram Johnson head- ing the Progressives. Taft only carried Vermont and Utah, Roosevelt received 88 electoral votes. Woodrow Wilson be- came President; was re-elected in 1916, running against Charles E. Hughes, Re- Sublican. On March 4, 1919, the Repub- cans gained control of the Senate and House. The Republican victory, on Nov. 4, 1920, gave the entire control of the Government to the Republican party. REPUBIATIOir, an unprincipled method for the extinguishment of