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OSBORN 54 OSCAR II. to 189S. In the latter year he was ap- pointed state entomologist of Iowa. He was director of the Lake Laboratory of Ohio University in 1898 and was direc- tor of Ohio Biological Survey in 1912. He was a member of many important American and foreign professional so- cieties. He wrote much on entomology. His most important works are "Eco- nomic Zoology" (1908) ; "Economic En- tomology (1916). He also contributed many articles to professional journals. OSBORN, LAUGHTON, an American artist and author, born in New York City in 1809. He graduated at Colum- bia College in 1827. His works include: "Sixty Years of Life" (1831); "Vision of Rubeta" (1838); "Arthur Carryl" 1841; "Travels by Sea and Land" (1868). He died in New York City, Dec. 12, 1878. OSBORNE, THOMAS MOTT. An American penologist and manufacturer, born in 1859, and a graduate of the class of '84 at Harvard. Upon entering busi- ness he became president of the Auburn Publishing Company and was associated in an official capacity with many other firms. At his birthplace, Auburn, N. Y. he took an active interest in politics, be- ing mayor of the city from 1903-1905. His interest at this time was aroused by conditions in prisons and he became a member of the National Committee on Prison Reform. In 1913 he had himself committed to the Auburn State Prison the better to study the conditions of the prisoners. From 1914-1916 he was war- den of Sing Sing prison, where his hu- mane work attracted national attention. OSBORNE, WILLIAM HAMILTON, an American lawyer and writer, born at Newark, N. J., in 1873. He was a gradu- ate of the common schools and studied law at the New York Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1894. He practiced in New York and New Jersey. He wrote "The Red Mouse" (1909); "The Running Fight" (1910) ; "How to Make Your Will" (1917). He also con- tributed to many magazines. OSBORNE SERIES, a series of beds of Oligocene age, found at or near Os- borne, in the Isle of Wight. They were deposited in fresh and brackish water. There are, of animals, peculiar species of Paludina, Melania, Melanopsis, and Cypris, and of plants, Chara. One bed is the Nettlestone Grit, near Ryde, which is a freestone much used for building. Called also the St. Helen's series. OSBOURNE, LLOYD, an American author, born in San Francisco, Cal., 1868; son of Fanny Van de Grift Os- bourne, who afterward married Robert Louis Stevenson. Educated in private schools and University of Edinburgh. Was United States vice-consul at Samoa in 1897. Among his best known books are: "The Wrong Box" (with Robert Louis Stevenson) (1889); "The Queen vs. Billy" (1900) ; "The Motor Maniacs" (1905) ; "A Person of Some Importance" (1911); and, with Austin Strong wrote "The Exile," which was played by Mar- tin Harvey. OSCANS, the name of an Italian peo- ple who at an early period occupied Cam- pania, and were either closely allied to or the same race as the Ausones. Sub- sequently (about 423 B. C.) Samnites from the hilly districts to the N. over- ran the country and amalgamated with the inhabitants whom they had subju- gated; and the names Osci and Oscan language were subsequently applied to all the other races and dialects whose ori- gin was nearly or wholly the same. The Oscan language was not substantially different from the Latin, but only a rud- er and more primitive form of the same central Italian tongue. By the victories of the Romans over the Samnites, and the conferring of the civitas on all the Ital- ians (88 B. c), an end was put to the official use of the Oscan tongue; never- theless, in the time of Varro (1st century B. c.) it was still used by the people. OSCAR I., JOSEPH FRANCOIS BERNADOTTE, King of Sweden and Norway, son of Bernadotte (Charles XIV.) ; born in Paris, France, July 4, 1799. In 1823 he married Josephine, eldest daughter of Prince Eugene Beau- harnais. During the reign of his father he was three times (in 1824, 1828, and 1833) viceroy of Norway, where he made himself popular by his good administra- tion. He acceded to the throne in 1844. He took little part in foreign politics and resigned in favor of his eldest son in 1857. He died July 8, 1859. OSCAR II., King of Sweden and Nor- way; born Jan. 21, 1829, a great-grand- son of Napoleon I.'s famous general, Marshal Bernadotte, the first king of the new independent kingdom of Norway. He ascended the throne in 1872, in suc- cession to his brother, Charles XV. He was an excellent scholar and writer, and translated Goethe's "Faust" into Swedish. Issued in 1888 a volume of minor poems under his nom de plume of "Oscar Fred- erik." He married, in 1857, the Prin- cess Sophia of Nassau, by whom he had four sons. Norway withdrew from him in 1905, and he refused a scion of his