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OUDINOT 65 ing the mutiny of 1857 Oudh was one of the centers of rebellion and the scene of highly dramatic events. OUDINOT, CHARLES NICOLAS, Duke of ReKgio and Marshal of France; born in Bar-le-Duc, in 1767. He en- tered the army when 19 years of age, and when the Revolution broke out held the rank of captain. He embraced the popular cause, and rising to the rank of general, accompanied Massena into Italy v.s one of his staff officers, in 1799. His fortunes from this time were linked with those of Napoleon till the capitulation of Paris, March 31, 1814, when he became a Bourbonist. In that character he headed the army that invaded Spain in 1823, and was resident at Madrid some months as governor. He succeeded Mar- shal Moncey as governor of the Invalides in 1842, and died in 1847. His son, Charles Nicolas- Victor Oudinot, Duke of Reggio (1791-1863), was a general in the French army. He first distinguished himself in Algeria, and was general of the French expedition against Rome in 1849. OUIDA, pseudonym of the novelist Louise de la Ramee, born about 1840; spent part of her girlhood with her mother at Bury St. Edmunds and after- wards lived in London where she wrote for the leading magazines. After 1875 or 1876 she lived on the continent, princi- pally at Florence, Italy. She was the author of a number of novels, volumes of short stories and essays, among the most noted are: "Strathmore" (1865), "Ida- lia" (1867), "Under Two Flags" (the best, 1868), "Puck" (1869), "Folle Farine" (1871), "Pascarel" (1873), "Ariadne" (1877), "Moths" (1880), "Princess Napraxine" (1884), "Two Of- fenders" (1894), "A Story of Venice" (1895), "Town" (1897), "La Strega" (1899), etc. She died Jan. 25, 1908. OUNCE, a unit of weight. In troy weight, the ounce is one-twelfth of a pound, contains 20 pennyweights^ of 24 grains each, and is, therefore, equivalent to 480 grains. In avoirdupois weight, the ounce is the sixteenth part of a pound, and is equivalent to 437 V2 grains troy. Also a money of account in Morocco, valued at about six cents. In zoology; Felis tincia, the snow leopard; habitat, the Himalayas, at an elevation ranging from 9,000 to 18,000 feet. _ It is about the size of a leopard, of which it is probably an immature form; ground color pale yellowish-gray, dingy, yellow- ish-white beneath. The fur is thick, and it ha£ a well marked short mane. It has never been knowTi to attack man. OUZEL OUNDLE, a small but ancient and pleasant town of Northamptonshire, England, 13 miles S. W. of Peterborough; has an old church, partly Early English and partly Decorated style, restored in 1864. Here St. Wilfrid died. Laxton's grammar school dates from 1550. OUSE, a river of England, York co., formed by the junction of the Swale and Ure, and after a S. E. course of 60 miles, unites with the Trent to form the estuary of the Humber. It is navigable for large vessels 45 miles, or to York. OusE (Great) rises near Brackley, Northamp- ton county, and after a N. E. course of 160 miles, two-thirds of which is naviga- ble, enters the Wash at Lynn Regis. OusE (Little) or Brandon River, falls into the Great Ouse, at the junction of the river Stoke, and the New Bedford and Wisbeach canal. OUTCROP, in mining and geology, a term used by miners, but now adopted by geologists, for the exposure of any por- tion of a stratum which comes out upon the surface, or for the part of the stratum thus exposed. OUTLAWRY, the act of outlawing; the state of being outlawed; the putting a man out of the protection of the law, or the process by which a man is de- prived of that protection, as a punish- ment for contempt in refusing to appear when called into court. Formerly any one might kill an outlawed person with- out incurring any penalty, but now the wanton killing of an outlaw is consid- ered as murder. In England criminal outlawry has been in abeyance since 1859; civil outlawry was abolished in 1879. In the U. S. civil outlawry is un- known, and criminal outlawry has been obsolete since the Revolution. OUTRIGGER, in its proper sense, a beam or spar fastened horizontally to the crosstrees or otherwise, for the pur- pose of extending further from the mast or topmast the backstay or other rope by which that mast or topmast is sup- ported. The power of the stay is thus increased. The term is also applied to a contrivance used in very narrow rac- ing boats, by which the oar is given the requisite amount of play outboard. OUTWORKS, all works of a fortress which are situated without the principal line of fortification. OUZEL, or OUSEL, an old name of the blackbird; but also applied to other birds. Thus, one British thrush (Tnr- d7(s torqnattis) is called the ring ouzel, and the dipper is very generally known as the water ouzel.