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STOCKHOLM 93 STOCKTON Nobles (1648-1670), in which that class hold their periodical meetings; the town house; the ministries of the kingdom; and the principal wharf, a magnificent granite quay, fronting E. Immediately W. of the central island lies the Knights' Island (Riddarhohn) ; it is almost en- tirely occupied with public buildings, as the Houses of Parliament; the old Fran- ciscan Church, in which all the later sovereigns of Sweden have been buried; the royal archives and the chief law courts of the kingdom. To the N. of these two islands lie the handsomely built districts of Norrmalm, separated from them by a narrow channel, in which is an islet covered with the royal stables. The principal buildings and institutions in Norrmalni are the National Mu- seum (1850-1865), with extremely valu- able collections of prehistoric antiquities, coins, paintings, sculptures ; the principal theaters; the Academy of the Fine Arts (1735) ; the barracks; the Hop Garden, with the Royal Library (1870-1876), and with the statue (1885) of Linnseus; the Academy of Sciences (1739), with nat- ural history collections; the Museum of Northern Antiquities (1873) ; the Ob- servatory; and technological, medical, sloyd, and other schools. Ship Island (Skeppsholvi) , immediate- ly E. of "the Town" island, is the head- quarters of the Swedish navy, and is built over with marine workshops, ship- building yards, etc., and is connected with a smaller island on the S. E., that is crowned with a citadel. Beyond these again, and farther to the E., lies the beautiful island of the Zoological Gar- dens (Djurgard). Immediately S. of "the Town" island is the extensive dis- trict of Sodermalm, the houses of which climb up the steep slopes that rise from the water's edge. Handsome bridges con- nect the central islands with the N. and S. districts; besides buses and tramways, the principal means of communication are quick little steamboats, some of which extend their journeys to the beau- tiful islands in Lake Malar on the W., and E. toward the Baltic Sea (40 miles distant). Besides the institutions al- ready mentioned Stockholm is the home of the Swedish Academy (1786), Acade- mies of Agriculture (1811), Music (1771), and Military Sciences (1771), a naval school, a school of navigation, of pharmacy, etc. There is considerable in- dustry in the making of sugar, tobacco, silks and ribbons, candles, linen, cotton, and leather, and there are large iron foundries and machine shops. Stock- holm does a large shipping business. Its exports consist chiefly of iron and steel, grain, tar, etc. Though Stockholm was founded by Birger Jarl in 1255, it was not made the capital of Sweden until comparatively modern times. Since then, however, it has grown rapidly; pop. (1890) 246,151; (1919) 408,456. The principal events in the history of the city have been the sieges by Queen Margaret of Denmark (1389) , the battles in the vicinity against the Danes toward the end of the 15th century, the capture of the place by Christian II. of Denmark in 1520, and the Blood Bath he executed among the principal men of the country in what was then the Great Market. STOCKPORT, a parliamentary and municipal borough of England, partly in Cheshire and partly in Lancashire, 5 miles S. E. of Manchester, on the Mer- sey. It occupies an elevated site, on which the houses rise in irregular tiers, giving it a picturesque appearance. Its chief structures are St. Mary's Church, Christ Church, the free grammar school, the Sunday-school, the free library, the museum situated in Vernon Park, and the immense railway viaduct which here crosses the Mersey. The cotton trade, connected with which are spinning, weav- ing, dyeing, etc., is the staple, and there are also foundries, machine shops, brew- eries, etc. Pop. (1919) 125,629. STOCKS, an apparatus formerly used for the punishment of petty oflfenders, such as vagrants, trespassers, and the like. It consisted of a frame of timber, with holes, in which the ankles, and some- times the ankles and wrists, of the of- fenders were confined. In farriery, etc., a frame in which refractory animals are held for shoeing or veterinary purposes. In shipbuilding, a frame of blocks and shores on which a vessel is built. In finance, a stock is a fund employed in the carrying on of some business or en- terprise, and divided into shares held by individuals who collectively form a cor- poration. Also a fund in England con- sisting of a capital debt due by the gov- ernment to individual holders, vfho re- ceive a fixed rate of interest on their shares; money funded in government securities; as, the 3 per cent, stocks. STOCKTON, a city and county-seat of San Joaquin co., Gal.; at the head of Stockton Channel, an arm of San Joaquin river, and on the Southern Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Stockton Terminal and Eastern, the Tidewater Southern, and the Western Pacific railroads; 63 miles E. by N. of San Francisco. Here are the State In- sane Asylum, a high school, the Hazleton Public Library, a private sanitarium, St, Cyc — Vol. IX