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STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS 123 STBONO lists are circulated among all the em- ployers of a certain industry. Thus tihe blacklisted men find themselves unable to obtain employment, wherever tiiey may present themselves. STRINDBERG, AUGUST, a Swedish author; born in Stockholm Jan. 22, 1849; became successively schoolmaster, physi- cis.n, telegraph employee, civil servant, painter, private tutor, and librarian of the State. The first book of his that made its mark was "The Red Room" (1879), a bitter satire on conventional (Swedish) society. This made its author enemies, and to their attacks he replied in another stinging satire, "The New Kingdom" (1882) ; but after its publi- cation he had to go into voluntary ban- ishment, and lived abroad. Two years later he published a collection of short stories ("Married Life"), in which he describes all sorts and conditions of nup- tial alliances with cynical frankness. Accused of outraging Christianity in this book, Strindberg repaired to Stockholm, stood his trial, and after making an elo- quent defense, was acquitted. His next important work was a plea for the so- cialistic conception of society in "Utopias in the Real World" (1885). Two books descriptive of the life and manners of the inhabitants of the Stockholm skerries —"The People of Hemso" (1887) and "Life of the Skerry Men" (1888)— are among the best things he has written; though the plays "The Father" (1887) and "Miss Julia" are powerful and mov- ing dramas. His works of fiction include "Tschandala" (1889), "On the Open Sea" (1890), "In the Offing" (1891), "By the Sea" (1892). "Inferno" (1897), "Alone" (1907), etc. Besides the books men- tioned, Strindberg produced — for he was a most prolific worker — a host of others, and in nearly all departments of litera- ture. He died May 14, 1912. STRINGER, ARTKUR (JOHN AR- BUTHNOTT), a Canadian-American au- thor, bom at London, Ontario, in 1874. He was educated at Toronto University and the University of Oxford. From 1898 to 1901 he was an editorial writer for the American Press Association and from 1903 to 1904 literary editor of "Success." Besides contributing many short stories to magazines he wrote: "Watchers of Twilight" (1894) ; "Pau- line and Other Poems" (1895) ; "Epi- grams" (1896) ; "A Study in King Lear" (1897) ; "The Loom of Destiny" (1898) ; "The Silver Poppy" (1899) ; "Lonely O'Malley" (1901) ; "Hephaestus and Other Poems" (1902) ; "The Wire Tappers" (1906) ; "Phantom Wires" (1907) ; "The Occasional Offender" (1907); "The Woman in the Rain** (1907); "Under Groove" (1909); "Irish Poems" (1911) ; "Open Water" (1912) ; "Gun Runner" (1912) ; "Shadow" (1913); "Prairie Wife" (1915); "Hand of Peril" (1916); "Door of Dread" (1917) ; "House of Intrigue" (1918) ; "Man Who Couldn't Sleep" (1919) ; "Prairie Mother" (1920). STROBEL, EDWARD HENRY, an American educator; born in Charleston, S. C, Dec. 7, 1855; was graduated at Harvard University in 1877 and at its Law Department in 1882; and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1883. He was sec- retary of the United States legation in Madrid, Spain, in 1885-1890; a special United States agent to Morocco in 1888 and 1889; and United States minister to Chile in 1894-1897. He was counsel for the latter country before the United States and Chilean Claims Commission in 1899. His publications include: "The Spanish Revolution" (1898) ; "Specie Payment in Chile" (1896) ; etc. He died Jan. 15, 1908. STROBILUS, in botany, a catkin the carpels of which are scale-like, spread open, and bear naked seeds, as in the fruit of the pine; a cone. STROMBOLI, one of the Lipari Is- lands; off the N. coast of Sicily; 12 miles in circuit. Its cone, 3,022 feet high, is one of the few volcanoes that are con- stantly active. At regular intervals showers of stones are ejected, and these almost all fall again within the crater. The ancients regarded Stromboli as the seat of ^olus, and in the Middle Ages it was held to be the entrance to purga- tory. The island yields, besides sul- phur and pumice-stone, cotton, fruits, and wine. STRONG, BENJAMIN, an American banker and public official, bom at Fish- kill-on-Hudson, N. Y., in 1872. He was ed- . ucated in the public schools of Montclair, N. J., after which he entered the banking business in New York City, becoming later secretary of the Atlantic Trust Co. and of the Metropolitan Trust Co. and president of the Bankers Trust Co. In 1914 he was appointed governor of the Federal Reserve Bank, New York City. He was a member of various scientific, economic, and commercial associations. STRONG, FRANK, an American edu- cator, born at Venice, N. Y., in 1859. He was educated at Yale University and received honorary degrees from Baker University, Kansas State Agricultural College, and the University of Oregon.