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SUBPCENA, or SUBPENA 140 SUBTRACTION contempt of court; but his traveling ex- penses must have been paid beforehand. Also, the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill. Subpoena du- ces tecum, a writ commanding the at- tendance of a witness at a trial, and ordering him to bring with him all books, writings, or the like, bearing on the case. SUB ROSA ("under the rose," i. e., under the obligation of secrecy), a term which possibly had its origin, as Sir Thomas Brown suggests, in the close- ness with which the rosebud folds its petals, or in the rose with which Har- pocrates, god of silence, was bribed by Cupid not to divulge his mother Venus's amours. A rose is often found sculp- tured on the ceilings of mediseval ban- queting halls and on confessionals. SUBSIDENCE AND UPHEAVAL, terms applied to movements of the earth's crust. SUBSIDY, a sum paid, often under a treaty, by one government to another, sometimes to secure its neutrality, but more frequently to meet the expenses of carrying on a war. Specifically, a grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private per- son or company to assist in the establish- ment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subven- tion; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of steamships. SUBSTANCE, in philosophy, that which is and abides as distingxiished from accident, which has no existence of itself, and is essentially mutable. The derivation of the word in this sense is, according to Augustine, from the Latin subsistere, and so = that which subsists of or by itself; Locke prefers to connect it with the Latin substo = to stand un- der, to support, to uphold. The first idea of substance is probably derived from the consciousness of self — the conviction gained by experience that, while sensations, thoughts, and pur- poses are continually changing, the Ego constantly remains the same. Observa- tion teaches us that bodies external to us remain the same as to quantity or extension, though their color and figure, their state of motion or of rest may be changed. Locke, without departing from the knowable, placed the substance of an object in some essential or funda- mental quality, the presence of which maintained, while its removal destroyed, the identity of the object, and Fichte made it consist in a synthesis of attri- butes; holding that these, synthetically united, gave substance, while substance analyzed gave attributes. In theology, essence, nature, being. Used specially of the Three Persons in the Godhead, who are said to be the same substance, i. e., to possess one com- mon essence. The principle of substance in philosophy is the law of the human mind by which every quality or mode of being is referred to a substance. In algebra, the operation of putting one quantity in place of another, to which it is equal, but differently expressed. In theology, the doctrine that in the crucifixion Christ was divinely substi- tuted for, took the place, of, the elect, or of all mankind obeying the law in their stead, suffering the penalty expi- ating their sins, and procuring for them salvation. Usad also of the principle involved in the bloody sacrifices of the Jewish economy (in which the animals were types of Christ) . and in a still wider sense of the offering of the lower animals in the place of men, and of un- bloody in the place of bloody sacrifices in ethnic religions. See Abminianism: Calvinism : Sacrifice. SUBSTITUTION, the act of substitut- ing or putting one person or thing in the place of another to serve the same pur- pose. In chemistry, a term denoting the re- placing of one element or group of ele- ments for another. It is the great agent, and covers nearly the whole field of chemical change, and is always attended with some alteration of properties in the compound, the alteration increasing witti the amount of substitution. (1) When chlorine replaces hydrogen in marsh gas, forming hydrochloric acid and methyl chloride, CH4+Cl2=HCL+CH3Cl. (2) When an alcohol radical replaces chlor- ine, as in trichloride of phosphorus, 3Zn(C=H5)2+2PCl3 = SZnCh+2P iG^n,)^ (3) A basylous or chlorous radical is replaced one for the othei,, as when ni- trate or silver is decomposed by chloride of sodium, AgNo5-|-NaCl=NaNoi-}-AgCl. (4) When hydrogen is replaced by an alcohol radical, as in the case of acting on ammonia with iodide of ethyl, HjN -|- C^HJ = HI + g;^^ I N. See Salt. SUBTRACTION, in arithmetic, the operation of finding the difference be- tween one number and another, the less being subtracted from the greater. In algebra the operation is included under addition, the rule for subtraction being change the sign and add. Here there is no convention as to which quantity must be the greater; the algebraic sign of the remainder removes any possible ambiguity.