Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/178

STJDAMINA 144 SUDERMANN SUDAMINA, minute transparent vesi- cles arising on the skin toward the fa- vorable termination of various diseases which have been attended by perspira- tion, as acute rheumatism, typhus, scar- latina, enteric fever, etc.; developed chiefly on the front of the abdomen and the chest. They are placed under the order Vesiculae. SUDAN, the Arab name given to the vast extent of country in Central Africa which lies between the Sahara on the N., Abyssinia and the Red Sea on the E., the countries draining to the Kongo basin on the S., and Senegambia on the W. Its area is estimated at 2,000,000 square miles. Egyptian rule was first ex- tended to the Eastern Sudan in the early part of the 19th century by Mohammed Ali, under whom Ibrahim Pasha carried it as far S. as Kordofan and Senaar. An Egyptian expedition under Sir Samuel Baker in 1870 led to the con- quest of the equatorial regions on the Nile farther S. than the Sudan proper, of which General Gordon was appointed Governor-General in 1874. On the fall of Ismail Pasha of Egypt, Gordon was recalled, and hordes of Turks, Circas- sians, and Bashi-Bazouks were let loose to plunder the Sudanese. Egyptian mis- rule then became intolerable, and in this crisis appeared Mohammed Ahmed of Dongola, who gave himself out to be the Mahdi, the long-expected redeemer of Islam. The revolt of the Mahdi broke up the Eg:^'ptian Sudan into various districts. After the Mahdi's death the insurrec- tion was continued by one of his lieuten- ants called the Kalifa. In 1897 the Anglo-Egyptian army commenced oper- ations for the recovery of the lost provinces. In 1898 the territory was practically regained, and the last resist- ance disappeared when the Kalifa was slain, and his followers made prisoners in 1899. In 1898, there were strained rela- tions between the Egyptian and the French governments, owing to the pres- ence in the Egyptian Sudan of a French force under Major Marchand. The diffi- culty was settled by Marchand's evacua- tion of Fashoda, and by the delimitation of the respective "spheres of influence" of the two governments, with a mutual agreement not to acquire territory or political influence beyond the designated iDoundary. See Sudan, Anglo- Egyptian. SUDAN, ANGLO-EGYPTIAN, the ter- ritory lying south of the 27 parallel of latitude, in northeast Africa, under Anglo-Egyptian control. It has an area of 1,014,400 square miles, and the dis- tance from Lake Albert to Egypt is about 1,400 miles. The northern part includes the Nubian Desert, but moun- tains are found in the central and ex- treme southern parts. The flat part of the southern region is composed chiefly of swamps. This section has an enor- mous rainfall, with only two dry months, November and December. The Nile and its tributaries flow through the entire country, from Lake Albert to Egypt. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is divided into 13 provinces. The governors are British officers of the Egyptian Army, em- ployed under the Sudan Government, or British civil officials of the government. The administration is carried on through British inspectors in charge of districts. In 1910 a governor's council was cre- ated to assist the governor-general in the discharge of his duties. The chief towns are Khartum, pop. about 17,000, the capital; Omdurman, pop. about 85,- 000; Khartum North, pop. about 12,000. The chief products are gum arable, ivory, cotton, ostrich feathers, dates, hides and skins, and gold. The value of the imports in 1918 amounted to £4,- 024,582, and the exports to £3,923,771. There is a railroad from Wadi Haifa to Khartum, with a connection with the Red Sea at Port Sudan. The total length of the line is approximately 1,500 miles. SUDAN, FRENCH. See FRENCH West Africa. SUDERMANN, HERMANN, (so'der- man), a German author; born in Matzi- ken, East Prussia, Sept. 30, 1857. He HERMANN SUDERMANN