Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/224

SUTRO 182 STJVLA BAY Bridges"; "Uncle Anyhow"; Choice." 'The SITTBO, FLORENCE CLINTON, an American musician; born in England; was graduated at the Grand Conserva- tory of Music in New York with the degree of Mus. D., being the first woman in the United States to receive that de- gree, and at the Law School of the Uni- versity of New York. She was a mem- ber of numerous literary, musical, and social societies ; honorary president of the Grand Conservatory Alumnae; president of the Hospital for Crippled Children, and prominent as a writer for the ad- vancement of women as composers and musicians. She founded the National Federation of Musical Societies in 1898. She died in 1906. SUTTEE, a form of widow sacrifice (itself a form of funeral sacrifice), for- merly common in Brahmanic India, in which the widow was burnt with her dead husband on the funeral pyre. Many went willingly and gaily to their doom, but others were driven by fear of dis- grace, by family influence, by priestly threats, and, in not a few cases, by sheer violence. Suttee was abolished by law in British India Dec. 4, 1829, but it was carried out in some principalities for many years afterward. SUTTER, JOHN AUGUSTUS, an American pioneer; born in Kandern, Germany, Feb. 15, 1803; was graduated at the Berne Military Academy in 1823 ; settled in St. Louis, Mo., in 1834, but soon removed to Santa Fe, where he en- gaged in a lucrative trade with trappers and Indians. Receiving favorable ac- counts of California he crossed the Rocky Mountains in 1838; sailed down the Columbia river and thence to Hawaii. After going to Sitka, Alaska, he cruised along the Pacific coast and was stranded at the site of San Francisco in July, 1839. During that year he established the first white settlement on the site of Sacramento. In 1841 after receiving a large tract of land from Mexico, he built a fort which he named New Helvetia; was made governor of the frontier country by Mexico, but was held in sus- picion by the Mexicans owing to his friendly feelings toward the United States. In 1848 when California was ceded to the United States, he owned many thousand head of cattle, much land, and other property, but owing to the discovery of gold on his estates was overrun by miners, and his workmen left him, and not being able to secure others he was financially ruined. He appealed to the Supreme Court, but was not sustained. Later the Legislature of California granted him a pension of $250 a month. He moved to Lititz, Pa., in 1873. He died in Washington, D. C, June 17, 1880. SUTTON, RHOADES STANSBURY, an American physician; born in In- diana, Pa., July 8, 1841; was graduated at Washington and Jefferson College in 1862, and at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1865. He was major of volunteers and surgeon in the army during the American- Spanish War. His publications include many contributions on surgery and medi- cine. He died in 1906. SUTURE, in ordinary language, the act of sewing; the line along which two things are joined, united, or sewed to- gether, so as to form a seam, or some- thing resembling a seam. Technically, in anatomy, the immovable junction of two parts by their margins; as, the sutures of the skull, i. e., the lines of junction of the bones of which the skull is composed. Various types of suture exist, as the ser- rated or dentated suture, the squamous or scaly suture, and the harmonic suture or harmonia. Arranged according to their situation, there are coronal, frontal, fronto-parietal, occipito-parietal, and many other sutures. In botany, the line formed by the cohesion of two parts. If the suture formed by the carpellary leaves in a pistil face the center of a flower, it is called the ventral suture; if it face the perianth, the dorsal suture. The former corresponds to the margin, and the latter to the midrib of the car- pellary leaf. In entomology, the line formed by the meeting of the elytra of a beetle when they are confluent. In sur- gery, the uniting of the lips or edges of a wound by stitching. In zoology, the outlines of the septa in the Tetrabranchi- ata, from their resemblance to the sut- ures of the skull. When these outlines are folded, the elevations are called saddles, and the intervening depressions lobes. SUVLA BAY, a wide, shallow cove, or bay, on the ^gean coast of the Gallipoli Peninsula, at which point large forces of Allied troops were landed on August 6, 1915, to attack the Turks, who were hold- ing the Gallipoli Peninsula against a force which had already been landed some time previously. The battle pre- ceding and following the landing of these re-enforcements proved disastrous to the Allied forces, under command of Sir Ian Hamilton, and has since been reckoned as one of the most serious blunders com- mitted by the Allies during the World