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TAUVIUD 239 TAMARIND duced "Mishna" and "Talmud" to writing. The "Babylonian Talmud," as now ex- tant, comprises the "Gemara" to almost the whole of the 2d, 3d, and 4th Sedarim (portions), further to the first treatise of the first, and to the first of the last order. The rest, if it ever existed, seems now lost. The whole work is about four times as large as the Jerusalem one, and its 36 treatises, with the commentaries generally added to them in our editions (Rachi and Tosafoth), fill 2,947 folio leaves. The language of the Talmud is, as we said, Aramaic (western and east- ern), closely approaching to Syriac. The additional matter — quotations and fragments from older Midrash and Gem- ara collections, Haggada, etc. — is princi- pally written in Hebrew. The masters of the "Mishna" (Tan- naim) and of the "Gemara" (Amoriam) were followed by the Saboraim. The code of the oral law had come to a close with the second named ; and not its devel- opment, but rather its proper study, elu- cidation, and carrying into practice was the task of the generations of the learned that followed. The Saboraim no longer dared to con- tradict, but only opined on the meaning and practicability of certain enactments, and undertook the task of inculcating and popularizing the teachings laid down by their sires; apart from bestowing proper care upon the purity of the text, and adding some indispensable glosses. The best commentaries of the "Mishna" are by Maimonides and Bartenora; of the "Babylonian Talmud" by Rashi and the Tosafists of France and Germany. An abstract of the Talmud for practical legal purposes by Maimonides is called "Mishne Thorah." The "Mishna" was first printed at Naples, 1492; the "Tal- mud of Jerusalem" at Venice, by D. Bom- berg, 1523. The "Babylonian Talmud" was first published at Venice by him in 1520. It is generally printed in 12 fo- lios, the text on the single pages being kept uniform vdth the previous editions to facilitate the references. No transla- tion of the "Gemara" has ever been car- ried further than a few single treatises. The complete "Mishna" on the other hand has been translated repeatedly into Latin, German, Spanish, etc., by Suren- hus, Rabe, Jost, and others. We must refrain here from attempting a general characterization of the Talmud, a work completely sui generis, which is assured- ly one of the most important records of humanity. TALUS, in geology, a sloping heap of rocky fragments broken off from the face of a steep rock by the action of the weather, and accumulating at its base. So called from its resemblance to a talus in fortification. In surgery, a variety of club-foot, in which the heel rests on the ground, and the toes are drawn toward the leg. T AM AQUA, a borough in Schuylkill CO., Pa.; on the Little Schuylkill river, and on the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Central of New Jersey rail- roads; 40 miles N. of Reading. Here are a high school, waterworks, electric lights, National and State banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has large coal interests, flour, powder, and planing mills, machine shops, and several foundries. Pop. (1910) 9,462; (1920) 12,363. TAMAR, a small river in England, flowing between the counties of Corn- wall and Devonshire; empties into Plymouth Sound, 2 miles above Plymouth; length about 60 miles. Also a river of Tasmania, formed by the union of the North and South Esk, and flowing into Bass's Straits at Fort Dal- rymple. TAMARACK, the American or black larch, Larix pendula or americana, called also Abies pendula. It has weak and drooping branches, which sometimes take root, forming a natural arch. The leaves are clustered and deciduous, the cones oblong vnth numerous spreading scales. It constitutes a feature of the forests in Canada and the northern Uni- ted States. Its timber is valuable, but less so than the larch. It is cultivated in Europe, being more grraceful and greener than the common larch. TAMARIN, the name of certain South American monkeys. The tamarins are active, restless, and irritable little crea- tures, two of the smallest being the silky tamarin (Midas rosalia) and the little lion monkey (M. leonina), the latter of which, though only a few inches in length, presents a wonderful resemblance to the lion. TAMARIND, the Tamarindus indica. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with many pairs of small leaflets; flowers in ra- cemes; calyx straw-colored; petals yel- low, streaked with red, filaments purple, anthers brown. It is an evergreen tree, 80 feet high by 25 in circumference, cul- tivated in India as far N. as the Jhelum. The wood, which is yellowish-white, sometimes with red streaks, is hard and close-grained. It is very difficult to woi'k, and is used in India for turning wheels, mallets, oil and sugar mills, etc.