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TATIAN 205 TAUNTON now, save that intentional changes and interpolations were made later, as the passage about the church being built on R ter the rock. TATTOOING-, the custom of marking the skin with figures of various kinds by means of slight incisions or punctures and a coloring matter. The word itself is Tahitian (ta, "a mark"), but the practice is very widely spread, being uni- versal in the South Sea Islands, and also found among the North and South American Indians, the Dyaks, the Bur- mese, Chinese, and Japanese, and com- mon enough still among civilized sailors. It is expressly forbidden in Scripture (Lev. xix: 28), from which it is to be concluded that it was common among the neighboring nations. Undoubtedly the main cause of its origin was the desire to attract the admiration of the opposite sex, but this fundamental hu- man desire does not of course exclude motives for tattooing for religious or other ceremonial purposes, or for mere ornament apart from sexual considera- tions. Among the Polynesians the op- eration is attended with circumstances of ceremony, and the figures represented are often religious in signification or symbolic of rank, not seldom the totem or special tribal badge. The New Zea- landers were distinguished by elaborate tattooing of the face, and many of their heads are preserved in European mu- seums. Whatever may be the case elsewhere, its origin in Japan, where it reached its gi-eatest perfection, is neither ceremonial nor symbolical, but merely cosmetic. Its end is to take the part of a garment or decoration, those parts of the body only being tattooed which are usually cov- ered, and only in the cases of such work- men as runners, gi-ooms, bearers, who work in a half-nude state. The head, neck, hands, and feet are never tattooed, and it is found among the lower classes alone, and very seldom among women, and these only the dissolute. The usual objects illustrated are large dragons, lions, battle scenes, beautiful women, his- torical incidents, flowers — never obscene pictures. The colors employed are black, which appears blue, derived from In- dian ink, and various shades of red, de- rived from cinnabar. The artist uses in his work exceedingly fine sharp sewing needles, fixed firmly 4, 8, 12, 20, or 40 together, and, arranged in rows in a piece of wood. A skilful artist can cover the whole back or breast and belly of a grown man in a day. Among the Ainos again the tattooing is done on the exposed parts of the body, and largely practiced by women. The Igorrotos in the mountainous region above Luzon tat- too elaborately, but in series of lines and curves. Tattooing has often been em- ployed as a badge of brotherhood in some cause, and more often still as a means of identification for slaves and criminals. The so-called branding of the letters D. and B. C. on military deserters and incorrigible characters, only given up in 1879, was merely tattooing with needles and India ink. The war paint of the ancient Briton and Red Indian braves still survives in the paint-striped face of the circus clown. Among the lower-class criminal population of Eu- rope the practice of tattooing is still common, but almost exclusively among males. TAUCHNITZ, KABL CHBISTOPH TRAUGOTT (tou/i'nits), a German printer and bookseller; born in Gross- pardau, near Leipsic, Oct. 29, 1761. Bred a printer, he set up in 1796 a small printing business of his own in Leipsic, with which he shortly after conjoined publishing and typefounding, and all his enterprise only added to his prosperity. In 1809 he began to issue editions of the Greek and Latin classics, the elegance and cheapness of which carried them over the learned world. He was the first to introduce (1816) stereotyping into Germany, and he also applied it to mu- sic. On his death Jan. 14, 1836, the busi- ness was continued by his son, Karl Christian Philipp Tauchnitz (1798- 1884). A nephew of the elder Tauchnitz, Christian Bernhard. Baron von Tauchnitz, born in Schleinitz Aug. 25, 1816, also founded in 1837 a printing and publishing house in Leipsic. In 1841 he began his well-known collection of "British Authors," of which 2,600 vol- umes appeared within the first 50 years. The enterprising publisher was ennobled in 1860, and made one of the few Saxon life-peers in 1877. He died Aug. 14, 1895. TAUNTON, a city and county-seat of Bristol CO., Mass.; on the Taunton river, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad; 36 miles S. of Boston. It contains a public library, court house, United States government building, State Hospital for the Insane, waterworks, electric lights, electric street railroads, National and savings banks, and sev- eral daily, weekly, and monthly period- icals. Taunton is a noted manufactur- ing city, having numerous cotton mills, machine and printing-press works, foundries, nail and tack mills, brick and tile works, stove and furnace works, an extensive britannia-ware plant, a jewelry factory, copper works, shoe-button facto- ries, and locomotive works. It was in-