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TEHERAN, or TEHRAN 280 TELEGRAPH way was constructed from Teheran to Shah Abdul Azim, a shrine and place of pilgrimage about 6 miles S. of the town. Tramways were also laid down in differ- ent parts of the city; and gas was in- troduced (by a Belgian company) in March, 1892, In the vicinity of Teheran are the ruins of Rei, the "Rhages" of the Book of Tobit, known in the time of Al- exander the Great under the name of "Ragse" and the birthplace of Harun-al- Raschid. In 1913 the police were placed under the direction of Swedish officers. Swedes are chiefly in command of the Persian troops. Pop. about 220,000. TEHUACAN, a town in the State of Puebla, Mexico. It has a mineral spring and there are the ruins of magnificent temples. It is 125 miles S. E. of the City of Mexico. Pop. about 9,000. TEHUANTEPEC, a town of Mexico; in the State of Oaxaca; 14 miles above the mouth of a river of the same name, falling into the Pacific Ocean. On ac- count of a dangerous bar the river is little used for navigation. The town is near the S. side of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the narrowest part of North America, having the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific side, the Bay of Campeachy on the Atlantic side; width, about 115 miles. A ship railway across the isthmus was projected by James B. Eads, and after his death it was built by an English firm for the Mexican Government at a cost of $20,- 000,000, and opened for 150 miles in 1907. TEIGNMOUTH, a seaport and water- ing place of South Devon, England; 15 miles S. of Exeter; on the N. bank of the mouth of the Teign, here spanned by a bridge (1827) 557 yards long. Nu- merous villas have sprung up on the hills to the N. and along the "Den," a public lawn stretching three-fourths of a mile above the beach, and a promenade pier was constructed (1866). The two Anglican churches, St. Michael (with a good chancel, 1872) and St. James, are poor edifices of the early part of the 19th century; but a fine Roman Catholic church, in Geometrical Decorated style, has been built (1878) in connection with St. Scholastica's Abbey (1865). Other buildings are the public assembly rooms (1826), theater (1849), market house, public baths, etc. Beyond shipbuilding and fishing Teignmouth has no special industries, but there is a considerable trade. The exports are principally pipe and potter's clay and granite, and the imports, coal, culm, timber, etc. Teignmouth was burnt by the Danes (930) and French (1338 and 1690), on the last occasion losing 116 houses. Pop. about 9,000. TEIXEIRA DE MATTOS, ALEXAN- DER LOUIS, a British writer, born at Amsterdam, Holland, in 1865. He was brought to England when nine years old and later acted as London correspondent for Dutch papers. He was editor of "Dramatic Opinions" in 1891, and edi- tor of "Candid Friend" in 1901-1902. He has translated the works of several well known European writers from Dutch, Danish, French, German, and Flemish, among them Carl Ewald, Maurice Maeter- linck, J. H. C. Fabre, and Maurice Le- blanc. TELAUTOGRAPH, an instrument which will at any distance transmit ac- curately and to the smallest detail in ex- act facsimile anything that may be writ- ten or drawn on the transmitting device. Two instruments are used, one to trans- mit and one to record. Both are nearly identical in form, size, and general ar- rangement, and each carries a wide strip of paper controlled by a synchronizing device which causes the one to follow the movements of the other. On the trans- mitter anything can be written or drawn and the recording stylus of the receiving instrument follows the movements of the transmitting stylus or pencil and thus produces an exact facsimile of the writ- ing or drawing. The Telechirograph invented by Gruhn is a modification of the Telautograph. TEJUS, the type-genus of Tejidae, with three species, from Brazil and Mendoza. TELEGRAPH, an apparatus or proc- ess for the rapid communication of intel- ligence between distant points, especially by means of electro-magnetism. The in- vention of the electric telegraph, as now used in all parts of the world, is due to Samuel F. B. Morse, who, in 1832, dur- ing a homeward voyage from France to New York, conceived the idea of writing on a distant strip of moving paper by means of a pencil worked by an electro- magnet and a single conducting circuit, and who in 1844 completed the first line between Washington and Baltimore, and transmitted the first message May 27 of that year. The invention of the Leyden jar, and the discovery of the fact that the earth and intervening bodies of water may be employed as part of an electric circuit, were among the most important steps which gradually led to the comple- tion of the present system of telegraphy. There are now about 500,000 miles of line in operation in the world, using over 1,000,000 miles of wire.