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TELEGRAPH 282 TELEPATHY punched with holes representing the let- ters, was invented in 1846 by Alexander Bain, of Scotland, and afterwai'd im- proved by Siemens, of Berlin; Humas- ton, of Connecticut; and Wheatstone, of England. The autographic process, transmitting a facsimile of the original dispatch, was first brought out in 1848 by F. C. Bakewell, of London, and im- proved by Abbe Casselli, of Florence; Lenoir and Meyer, of France; and Saw- yer, of Washington, D. C (see Telauto- graph). The printing telegraph for re- cording messages in Roman characters was first suggested by Alfi'ed Vail, of New Jersey, in 1837. The first model of this telegraph was made by Wheatstone in 1841. Various modifications of this instrument by different inventors are now in use for transmitting private dis- patches and for the reporting of com- mercial and financial fluctuations. In 1918 there were 238,000 miles of pole lines in the United States, and 35,000 in Canada, not including the railroad com- panies' special lines. There are over 435,000 miles of lines in other countries, and over 200,000 miles of submarine cables. See Submarine Telegraphy: Wire- less Telegraphy. TEL EL-AMARNA, or TELL EL- AMARINA, the modern name of a mass of ruins a little to the N. of Assiout, on the E. bank of the Nile, representing the capital of the heretic Egyptian king Amenhotep IV. (q. v.). Here was found in 1887 a collection of tablets in Baby- lonian cuneiform, at that period — some time before the exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt — used as a kind of lingua franca for all western Asia. These tab- lets were mainly reports from the Egyp- tian governors of Palestine, Syi'ia, Meso- potamia, and Babylonia, some of which implored help against the Hittites (o. v.), then pressing S. Of about 230 tablets 160 went to Berlin Museum and 82 to the British Museum. TEL-EL-KEBIR (the great mound), a locality midway on the railway be- tween Ismailia and Cairo; the scene on the morning of Sept. 13, 1882, of the capture by Gen. Sir Garnet Wolseley of Arabi Pasha's entrenched camp, de- fended by 26,000 men. The British loss was about 430 killed and wounded, the Egyptians' 1,500. TELEMACHXJS, in mythology, the son of Ulysses and Penelope; was an infant when his father left home to join in the war against Troy; but during his 20 years' absence grew into manhood. Under the guidance of Athene, who had assumed the appearance of Mentor, Tele- machus set out in search of his long-lost sire, after having vainly endeavored to eject his mother's troublesome suitors from the house. Having visited Pylos and Sparta, Telemachus returned home to Ithaca, where he found his father in the guise of a beggar, and with him pro- ceeded to slay the suitors. In modern times Telemachus is known chiefly as the hero of Fenelon's romance, which was once very popular as a school book. TELEMETER, an instrument for de- termining the distance of an object whose linear dimensions are known, from its apparent length or height, when viewed between two parallel wires of a telescope. TELEOLOGY, in philosophy, a branch of metaphysics; the doctrine of final causes and of the uses which every part of nature was designed to subserve; the argument from design in proof of the existence of God. The expression "final causes" was introduced by Aristotle, and the extension which he gave to the idea of causation drew his followers away from studying the proper object of phys- ical science. Bacon said on the subject: "Inquiry into final causes is fruitless, and like a virgin dedicated to God, pro- duces nothing." The context shows that his objection was not to the investiga- tion of final causes in themselves, but to the supposition that this study was a branch of physics. Descartes objected to the study of final causes, believing that to do so successfully was beyond the fac- ulties of man; and most of the French philosophers of the 18th century for various reasons ignored teleology. Mod- ern physical science confines itself rig- orously as its name suggests, to tha investigation of physical causes. Also, the doctrine of ends in morality, pru- dence or policy, and aesthetics. TELEOSATJRTJS, a genus of fossil crocodiles, the remains of which occur in the lower Jurassic rocks. They are found associated with marine fossils, and the peculiar modification of their skeleton seems to have specially fitted them for an aquatic life. TELEPATHY, the power of communi- cation between one mind and another by means unknown to the ordinary sense organs, and usually called thought trans- ference. Members of the Society for Psychical Research believe that they have established the fact that such power exists in the material universe and have attempted to turn the assumption to account in the explanation of certain unexplained natural phenomena. Tele- pathy is not clairvoyance, for it has been demonstrated by many experiments care-