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TEMESVAR 287 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMESVAR, a royal free city of Hungary; consisting of the fortified city or "citadel," with four suburbs; on the Bega canal; 160 miles S. E. of Buda- pest. It has a fine cathedral, an ancient castle, a magnificent Episcopal residence, manufactures of flour, tobacco, cloth, silk, paper, leather, vrool, and oil, and a brisk transit trade in grain, wax, honey, and brandy with Transylvania, Servia, and Rumania. Temesvar has endured a great number of sieges — the latest being that of 1849, when it was besieged and bom- barded for 107 days by the Hungarian insurgents, but was relieved by Haynau. Pop. about 72,500. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT, a movement designed (1) to minimize or (2) to abolish the use of alcoholic liquors as beverages. In the first sense the word "temperance" is used strictly, i. e., the aim at moderation in the use of liquors; in the second sense it is equiva- lent to total abstinence. The Jewish Nazarites and Rechabites acted on total abstinence principles (Num. vi: 1-21, Jer. XXXV : 1-6), as did the Encratites of the 2d Christian century. Most of the higher Hindu castes and all the Mo- hammedans nominally abstain from in- toxicating liquor. The earliest modern temperance order was that of St. Chris- topher, founded in Germany in 1517, the members of which were pledged not to drink more than seven goblets of liquor at a meal, "except in cases where this measure was not sufficient to quench thirst." In 1600 the Landgrave of Hesse established another temperance order. The United States was earlier than Eng- land in the modern temperance move- ment. In 1651 the people of East Hamp- ton, Long Island, endeavored to limit the sale of intoxicating drinks. In 1760 the religious societies began to protest against drinking at funerals; in 1789 a resolution was passed by farmers to ab- stain from liquor during that year; and in 1790 medical men, led by Dr. Rush, protested against the use of spir- its, and four years later he recommended total abstinence. The first total abstinence pledge was drafted by Micaiah Pendleton of Vir- ginia. In 1812 the Rev. H. Humphrey recommended total abstinence, as did Dr. Lyman Beecher, and various temperance societies arose. Not, however, till 1836 was the American Temperance Union formed on the basis of total abstinence. [n 1840 the Washingtonians were found- ed in the city of Baltimore, and in 1842 the Sons of Temperance were in- jtituted in New York City. From 1845 eommenced the various orders with ritual ind insignia, which have gradually been extended to or imitated in Europe. As early as 1818 a total abstinence society, believed to have been the first in date throughout the world, had been founded at Skibbereen, in Ireland. In England the movement began at Bradford, in Feb- ruary, 1830. The British and Foreign Temperance Society was formed in Lon- don early in 1831. On Aug. 23, 1832, Joseph Livesey, then a member of the Preston Temperance Society, drew up the teetotal pledge, the first signers of which are known as the "seven men of Preston." This inaugurated the modern teetotal movement. In 1838 Father Theobald Mathew, a Capuchin friar, be- came the apostle of temperance for Ire- land, and by the end of 1839 obtained 1,800,000 recruits to the cause. The United Kingdom Band of Hope Union was founded in May, 1855, In 1868 the Independent Order of Good Templars, probably the most widespread of all tem- perance organizations, was planted in England by Joseph Malins. In 1873 Cardinal Manning and Father Nugent commenced a vigorous temperance move- ment among the Roman Catholics. The feeling in favor of temperance is stead- ily growing, and the numerous societies with their large membership constitute a very potent social and political force. The National Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union, with its auxiliary state and territorial unions, besides that of the District of Columbia, is the largest society ever composed exclusively of women and conducted entirely by them. It has been organized in every State and Territory of the nation, and locally in about 10,000 towns and cities. Great Britain, Canada and Australia, Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand, India and Japan, Madagascar and South Africa, have also organized, and there are local unions in almost every civilized nation. This so- ciety is the lineal descendant of the great temperance crusade of 1873-1874, and is a union of Christian women for the pur- pose of educating the young; forming a better public sentiment; reforming the drinking classes; and securing the entire abolition of the liquor traffic. In Maine, under the earlier efforts of the apostles of total abstinence, prohibition was car- ried as a measure of State policy, and the Maine liquor law formed the basis of subsequent similar enactments in other States. By 1911, local option had been adopted by 33 States. Under the Act of Nov. 21, 1918, the manufacture and sale of liquors was prohibited from May 1, 1919. (Wartime Prohibition Act.) On Jan. 29, 1919, Acting Secretary of State Polk issued a proclamation (36 States having confirmed) prohibiting the manu-