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TEMPERATUBE 289 TEMPLARS counted for by the quantity of heat gen- erated in the same period. The tem- perature of an animal must thus be pro- portionate to its respiration, and to the activity and frequency of its breathing movements. The circumstances which influence the temperature of the human body in health are very varied. The normal tempera- ture of the internal parts varies from 98.5 to 99.5. The average temperature of the armpit is 98.6. In infant life the temperature is about 1° F. above that of the adult; and the temperature of old age resembles that of infancy. The tem- perature of the female slightly exceeds that of the male; and the temperature of the human body falls to its lowest level in the early morning. The influ- ence of disease on temperature is very marked. In typhus fever and pneumo- nia the temperature may rise to 106" F. On the side of lowness of temperature may be mentioned cases of inorbus coeruleus, in which the blood is imper- fectly aerated, when the temperature may sink to 77.5° F. TEMPERING, in metal work, the process of producing in a metal, particu- larly steel, that peculiar degree of hard- ness and elasticity which adapts it for any of the purposes to which it is to be applied. The malleable metals generally increase in hardness by being hammered or rolled, and hammer-hardening — that is, hammering without the application of heat, is frequently employed for harden- ing some kinds of steel springs. Steel is for most purposes hardened by plung- ing it while hot into water, oil, or other liquid to cool it slowly. Nearly every kind of steel requires a particular degree of heat to impart to it the greatest hard- ness of which it is susceptible. If heated, and suddenly cooled below that degree, it becomes as soft as iron; if heated be- yond that degree, it becomes very hard, though brittle. Bronze is tempered by a process reverse to that adopted with steel. Cooling bronze slowly hardens it. The sudden cooling makes it less frangi- ble, and is adopted with gongs. A method of tempering much practiced is by the use of electricity, by means of which the article to be tempered is heated. TEMPEST, MARIE SUSAN, an Eng- lish actress, born in London in 1866, her father's name being Etherington. She went to a convent in Belgium and studied music in Paris and London. She began playing at the Comedy Theater in Lon- don in 1885, her first role being in "Boc- caccio." Her impersonations of Nell Gwyn and Becky Sharp brought her into prominence as a leading comedienne, and her later parts of Polly Eccles in "Caste," Peggy O'Mara in "All-of-a- Sudden Peggy," Becky Warder in "The Truth," and Kitty in "The Marriage of Kitty" established her position on the English stage. In 1915 she revived "The Duke of Killiecrankie." Miss Tempest in 1898 married Cosmo Gordon-Lennox. TEMPLARS, a famous military order, which, like the Hospitallers and the Teu- tonic Knights, owed its origin to the Cru- sades. In the year 1119 two comrades of Godfrey de Bouillon, Hugues de Payen and Geoffroi de Saint-Adhemar, bound themselves and seven other French knights to guard pilgrims to the holy places from the attacks of the Saracens, taking before the patriarch of Jerusalem solemn vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. King Baldwin II. gave them for quarters part of his palace, which was built on the site of the Temple of Solomon close to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Hence they took their name as Templars, and the houses of the order, as at Paris and London, that of the Temple. At the Council of Troyes (1128) Bernard of Clairvaux drew up its rule in 72 statutes, substantially the ground- work of the statutes as finally revised in the middle of the 13th century. The order at first consisted of knights alone, but later its members were grouped as knights, all of noble birth, chaplains, and men-at-arms {fratres servientes) , be- sides mercenaries, retainers, and crafts- men affiliated and enjoying its protection. The knights took the vows for life or for a certain period, and they alone wore the white linen mantle, with the eight-point- ed red cross on the left shoulder (granted by Pope Eugenius III.), and white linen girdle; black or brown garments were worn by all others. The seal of the order showed the Temple, later two riders — a Templar and a helpless pilgrim — on one horse. The discipline of the order was austere, excluding all needless luxury or display in food, dress, or armor, and all worldly pleasures were forbidden. At the head of the whole order stood the Grand-mas- ter; under him Masters, Grand Priors, Commanders, or Preceptors ruled the various provinces of Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch and Cyprus, Portugal, Castile and Leon, Aragon, France and Auvergne, Aquitaine and Poitou, Provence, Eng- land, Germany, Italy (Middle and Up- per), Apulia and Sicily. Second in com- mand to the Grand-mastei* stood the Seneschal, his deputy; next the Marshal, whose business, moreover, was to pro- vide arms, horses, and all the material of war. The Templars were by a papal