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TERTULLIANUS 314 TESCHEN ties and postulates of human nature. The treatise "Against the Jews" is to prove that prophecy is fulfilled in Christ. (2) Against heretics. He formulates this position juristically in his "Against the Proscription of Heretics." Against the gnostic attempts to volatilize Chris- tianity in gnostic spiritualism he main- tained its reality as a practical form of life in his "Concerning Baptism," "Against Herniogenes," "Against Val- entinians," "Concerning the Soul" (in which he contends that even the soul is material), "Concerning the Body of Christ" (against Docetism), "Concerning the Resurrection of the Body," and the five books "Against Marcio." Against the Patripassian heresy he wrote the book "Against Praxeas." (3) Practical and ascetic treatises. It is especially in these writings relating to Christian life and discipline that we can trace Tertullian's increasing hostility to the Church and adoption of the Mon- tanist views, which had great influence among African Christians. He hailed the testimony of "free prophecy" as God's witness against the laxity which the Catholic Church had shown in dealing with the sensual weaknesses of the great multitude within her pale. Hence the division of these treatises into "Pre-Mon- tanist" and "Montanist." To the for- mer class belong "Concerning Baptism," "Concerning Penitence," "To Martyrs,' "De Spectaculis,' "Concerning Idolatry," "Concerning Discourse," "Concerning Pa- tience," and "To a Wife"; to the latter, "Concerning the Chaplet," "Concerning Fugitives Under Persecution," "Scorpi- ace," "An Exhortation on Chastity," "Concerning Monogamy," "Concerning Jejunius," "Against Fasting," and "Con- cerning Pallius"; while "Concerning Vir- gin's Veils" marks the transition stage. Tertullian had a greater influence on the Latin Church than any theologian between Paul and Augustine. His Mon- tanism indeed prevented it from being exercised directly, but Cyprian, who called Tertullian "his master," was the interpreter who gave currency to his views. The following is a summary of Harnack's estimate of Tertullian, whom he calls "the founder of Western Chris- tianity." Tertullian's Christianity was molded by the enthusiastic and strict faith of the early Christians on the one hand, and by the anti-gnostic regula fidei on the other. A trained jui'ist, he sought to express all religion in legal formulas, and conceived the relation between God and man as one of civil law. "God ap- pears always as the powerful partner, who watches jealously over his rights." Further, his theology shows a syllogistic- dialectic stamp; it does not philosophize; it reasons, using now the argument, ex auctoritate, now the argument e ratione. He shows striking power of psychological observation. Finally, his writings have a strong practical evangelic tendency; with their vivid appeal to the reader's will, and their simple concrete expres- sion of the Gospel, they appealed not to theologians only, but to all. In these characteristics and their union. Tertul- lian became the type of the Christianity of the Western Church. TERUTERO, in ornithology, VaneU lus cayennensis; the Cayenne sandpiper of Latham, described by Azara. It ia very common in parts of South America. It approaches the European lapwing in its size, its tuft, and in the general tone of its colors; but it stands higher, and is armed with a spur at the folds of the wing. Its eggs, which are often de- posited on the bare ground in October or November, are four or fewer, of a clear olive color marbled with black, and are esteemed a delicacy, like those of the plover in England. TESCHEMACHERITE (after E. F. Teschemacher, who first announced it), a native carbonate of ammonia, occur- ring both in crystals and massive in gu- ano deposits. Crystal system not as- certained; hardness, 1.5; sp. gr., 1.45; color, yellowish to white. Composition: Ammonia, 32.9; carbonic acid, 55.7; wa-?? ter, 11.4=100, yielding the formula (^ NH.O+KHO)CO,. TESHO LAMA, the abbot of the great monastery at Krashis Lunpo; one of the great Lamas, the other being the Dalai Lama, who has the political supremacy. When either dies it is necessary for the other to ascertain in whose body the ce- lestial being whose outward form haa been dissolved has been pleased again to incarnate himself. For that purpose the names of all the male children born just after the death of the deceased Grand Lama are laid before his survi- vor, who chooses three out of the whole number. Their names are inscribed on tablets and put into a casket, whence one is selected by the abbots of the great monastei'ies to fill the place of the dead Lama, the Tesho Lama is often called Pantshen Rinpotshe (the Glorious Teach- er). TESCHEN, a city in Poland, sixty- three miles west-southwest of Cra- cow, situated on the Olsa, and formerly capital of the duchy of the same name. Its industries consist largely of carriage works, clock factories, breweries and dis- tilleries, textile mills and bookbinderies.