TEUTSCH, GEORG DANIEL, a Transylvanian historian; born in Schässburg, Transylvania. He was bishop of the Saxons of Transylvania, and wrote: “History of the Transylvania Saxons” (2d ed. 1874); “Compend of the History of Transylvania”; “Documents for the History of Transylvania” (1857); “The Reformation in the Transylvanian Saxon-land” (6th ed. 1886); “Documentary History of the Evangelical Church in Transylvania” (2 vols. 1862-1863). He died in Hermannstadt, Transylvania, July 2, 1893.
TEWFIK PASHA, Khedive of Egypt; born Nov. 15, 1852; eldest son of Ismail Pasha; succeeded on his father's abdication in 1879, in virtue of the arrangement of 1866 between Ismail and the Sultan. The chief events of his reign were the insurrection of Arabi, the war with the Mahdi, the pacification of the Sudan frontiers, and the steady improvement of the condition of Egypt under English administration. Tewfik, a pious Moslem, utterly alien to his father's love of luxury and extravagance, was throughout loyal to his engagements with Great Britain. He died Jan. 7, 1892, and was succeeded by his eldest son Abbas.
TEWKESBURY, an old market town of Gloucestershire, England; on the Avon at its confluence with the Severn; 9 miles N. N. W. of Cheltenham, and 15 S. by E. of Worcester. On the site of the cell of the hermit Theoc, from whom the place got its name, was founded in 715 a monastery, refounded in 1102 by Robert Fitzhamon as a great Benedictine abbey. Its noble church, consecrated in November, 1123, measures 317 feet by 124 feet across the transepts, and remains essentially Norman, in spite of later additions—Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It was restored by Scott in 1875-1879. Special features are the W. front and the massive central tower, 132 feet high. Many of the Clares, Despencers, Beauchamps, and other lords of Tewkesbury are buried here, as also the murdered Prince Edward and (possibly) Clarence; and in 1890 a tablet was erected to Mrs. Craik, the scene of whose “John Halifax” is laid in Tewkesbury. The place has also a town hall (1788), a corn exchange (1856), Telford's iron bridge over the Severn (1824) with span of 176 feet, a free grammar school, etc. Manufacture of mustard was previously the chief industry. It has now been replaced by the shoe trade. Within half a mile was fought (May 4, 1471), the battles of Tewkesbury, in which the Yorkists under Edward IV. gained a crowning victory over the Lancastrians. The town was incorporated by Elizabeth in 1574.
TEXARKANA, a city partly in Miller co., Ark., and partly in Bowie co., Tex.; on the Texas and Pacific, the St. Louis Southwestern, and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroads; 145 miles S. W. of Little Rock. Though a unit each part of the city has a separate municipal government, the part in Arkansas being the county seat of Miller county. It contains street railroad and electric light plants, numerous churches, business colleges, United States government building, a National and other banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has machine and boiler works, a cotton compress, a cottonseed oil mill, ice factories, car shops, etc. Pop. of part in Miller co., Ark., (1910) 5,655; (1920) 8,257; in Bowie co., Tex. (1910) 9,790; (1920) 11,480; total (1910) 15,545; (1920) 19,737.
TEXAS, a State in the South Central Division of the North American Union; bounded by Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, the States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas in Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico; admitted to the Union Dec. 29, 1845; capital, Austin; number of counties, 253; area, 265,780 square miles; pop. (1890) 2,235,527; (1900) 3,048,710; (1910) 3,896,542; (1920) 4,663,228.
Topography—The surface in the N.W. is covered with mountains, which, in proceeding S. E., subside into hills and undulating plateaus, succeeded on approaching the Gulf of Mexico, by low alluvial plains. These extend inland from 20 to 80 miles, are furrowed with deep ravines, and consist for the most part of rich prairie or forest land. The hilly region behind this is formed chiefly of sandstone and limestone ridges, separated by valleys of considerable fertility. In the mountainous region many of the summits are lofty, and covered with snow several months of the year. The general slope of the country gives all the rivers a more or less southerly direction. The Rio Grande, rising in Colorado, forms the W. and S. W. boundary of the state, from the 32d parallel to the sea. The Red river, which has its source in the Staked Plain, forms the greater part of the N. boundary. The other important rivers are the Colorado, the Brazos, the San Jacinto and Trinity, and the Sabine, which, during the greater part of its course, is the boundary between Texas and Louisiana. A long chain of lagoons stretches along the Gulf of Mexico.
Geology—The Alluvial, Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Carboniferous periods are
