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THEBES or THIVA 334 THEIPVAL their power in Greece. Thebes was razed to the ground by Alexander III., 335 B. c, after which it never again formed an in- dependent state. Cassander restored the city 315 B. C, and it was taken by Deme- trius 293 B. C, and again 290 B. c. The Thebans were defeated in an attempt to expel the Bulgarians from Greece in 1040, and their city was plundered by the Normans of Sicily in 1146. It was one of the most flourishing cities of Greece during the 10th and 11th centuries. It was almost wholly destroyed by an earth- quake in 1893. THECIiA, a virgin saint of the early Church; a member of a noble family of Iconium in Lycaonia, where she was con- verted by the preaching of St. Paul, and having devoted herself to a life of vir- ginity, suffered a series of persecutions from her intended bridegroom, as well as from her parents. She is said to have died at the age of 90 in Seleucia. The apocryphal "Acts of Paul and Thecla" were edited by Tischendorf. THECLA, in entomology, the hair- streak; a genus of Lycxnidse. Fore wings wholly dark brown, or with a large blotch of some other color, or with pale markings near the hinder margin; hind wings with a transverse pale line below, which is entire, interrupted, or nearly obsolete. Larvae feeding on trees, shrubs, or papilionaceous plants. Common in all temperate regions. T. rubi, the green hairstreak, has the under side of the wings green; the rest have not this character. T. hetidse, the brown hair- streak, has the under side of the hind wings with two slender white streaks. T, pruni, the dark hairstreak, has an orange band with a row of black spots; T. cdhutn, the black hairstreak, a black line; and T. querciis, the purple hair- streak, has two small orange spots in- stead of the band. The first of the five is the most common. THECODONTIA, in palaeontology, an order of Reptilia founded by Owen. Vertebral bodies biconcave ; ribs of trunk long and bent, the anterior ones with a bifurcate head; limbs ambulatory, femur with a third trochanter; teeth with the crown more or less compressed, pointed, with trenchant and finely-serrate mar- gins, implanted in distinct sockets. Two genera, Thecodontosaurus and Palseo- saurus, from the Trias, near Bristol. Huxley regards them as Dinosaurian. THECOSMILIA, in palaeontology, a genus of Actinozoa. One species from the Rhaetic or Lower Lias; from the Jurassic rocks of Great Britain, and others from the Cretaceous and Tertiary. THECOSOMATA, in zoology, a section of Pteropoda. Animal with external shell; head indistinct; foot and tentacles rudimentaiy, combined with the fins; mouth situated in a cavity formed by the union of the locomotive organs; respiratory organ contained within a mantle cavity. There are two families: Hyaleidse and Limacinidx. THEINE, in chemistry, formula CsHioNiOj, an organic base, occurring in tea leaves, in Paraguay tea, guarana, and in small quantities in cocoa seeds. It is also formed synthetically from theo- bromine by union with methyl, yielding methyl-theobromine, or theine. To pre- pare it from tea the leaves are extracted with hot water, the solution precipitated with lead acetate, and the filtrate freed from lead by sulphydric acid. On evapo- ration of the solution and allowing it to stand for some time, the theine crystal- lizes out. Purified by animal charcoal it forms tufts of white silky needles, slight- ly soluble in cold water and alcohol, melt- ing at 225°, and subliming unchanged at a higher temperature. Tea leaves con- tain from 2 to 4 per cent, of theine, to which the stimulating effect of tea is partly ascribed. At the present day caf- feine is the preferred term. THEINER, AUGTJSTIN, a German canonist; born in Breslau, Silesia, April 11, 1804; was appointed prefect of the Vatican archives, 1855; but was deprived of that office during the Vatican Council on the charge of giving to certain oppo- sitionist bishops secret documents of the curia. His first notable work was a trac- tate in opposition to the rule of clerical celibacy, "The Introduction of Obligatory Celibacy" (2 vols. 1828). His other prin- cipal works are: "History of the Return of the Reigning Houses of Brunswick and Saxony to the Bosom of the Catholic Church" (1843); an edition of Balonius's "Church Annals," with a continuation (1856-1857); "Diplomatic Code of the Temporal Dominion of the Holy See" (1863); "Temporal Sovereignty of the Holy See Judged by the General Coun- cils of Lyons and Constance" (1867). He died in Civita Vecchia, Italy, Aug. 10, 1874. THEIPVAL, a village and district near the River Somme, France, which was the scene of much fighting in the re- cent World War. It began to figure con- spicuously in the news during the battle of the Somme in the summer of 1916, when on July 19 a British attack on