Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/417

THIRLAGE 355 THIRTY YEARS' WAR and to pay as "multure" or duty a cer- tain proportion of the grain ground, varying from ^V to tV of the corn ground. The possessors of the astricted lands were called suckeners; the multure paid by those who were not bound, but used the mill, was out-sucken multure. Since 1799 this class of local burdens has al- most entirely disappeared by commuta- tion, voluntary renunciation, or private agreement. Such a servitude or easement was rare in England. THIRLMERE, a narrow sheet of water in Cumberland co., England, in the heart of the Lake district, lying 533 feet above sea-level, and 3 miles long by hi mile wide, between Derwentwater and Grasmere. It was acquired as a water supply by Manchester. The work was begun in 1886, and the entire system was completed in 1894. THIRST, a sensation resulting from a peculiar state of the system, but es- pecially of the mucous membrane of the fauces, usually caused by an insufficient supply of liquid. In cases of extreme thirst there is a peculiar sense of clam- miness in the mouth and pharynx, which, with the other disagreeable feelings, is almost immediately relieved by the in- troduction of liquid into the stomach, where it is absorbed by the veins. That the thirst is relieved by the absorption of the fluid, and not by its action as it passes over the mucous membrane, which seems to suffer most, is proved by the facts (1) that injection of liquids into the stomach through a tube (in cases of wounded oesophagus), and (2) the in- jection of thin fluids, as water, into the blood, remove the sensation of thirst. An excessive thirst is often an impor- tant morbid symptom. It may arise from two very opposite conditions — one a condition of excitement, and the other of depression. Whenever the blood is in a state requiring dilution, and is too stimulating, as in fevers and inflamma- tions, there is thirst; and, again, in cases of excessive secretion and exhaustion, as for example in cholera and in the two forms of diabetes, there is great thirst, which sometimes also attends the lowest stages of prostration in malignant dis- eases. THIRTY TYRANTS, a body of men of the higher classes who usurped the government of Athens 404-403 b. c. Of these, Critias was the most noted. They were expelled by the democratic party led by Thrasybulus. Also a name given to a number of pretenders to the Ro- man empire during the reigns of Gal- lienus and Aurelian, A. D. 259-274. THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1618 to 1648) , a war in Germany, at first a strug- gle between Roman Catholics and Prot- estants. Subsequently it lost its relig. ious character and became a struggle for political ascendancy in Europe. On the one side were Austria, nearly all the Roman Catholic princes of Germany, and Spain; on the other side were, at dif- ferent times, the Protestant powers and France. The occasion of this war was found in the fact that Germany had been distracted ever since the Reformation by the mutual jealousy of Catholics, Luther- ans, and Calvinists. Certain conces- sions had been made to the Protestants of Bohemia by Rudolph II. (1609), but these were withdrawn by his successor Matthias in 1614, and four years after- ward the Bohemian Protestants were in rebellion. Count Thurn at the head of the insurgents repeatedly routed the im- perial troops, compelling them to retire from Bohemia, and (1619) invaded the archduchy of Austria. Matthias having died in 1619, he was succeeded by Fer- dinand II., who was a rigid Catholic, but the Protestants elected as their king Frederick, Elector Palatine, who was a Protestant. Efforts at mediation having failed, the Catholic forces of Germany marched against Frederick, who, with an army of Bohemians, Moravians, and Hungarians, kept the field till Nov. 8, 1620, when he was totally routed at Weis- senberg, near Prague, by Duke Maximil- ian of Bavaria. The Protestant cause was now crushed in Bohemia, and the people of that province suffered cruel persecution. The dominions of Freder- ick, the Palatinate of the Rhine includ- ed, were now conquered, the latter being occupied by Count Tilly, assisted by the Spaniards under Spinola. At the Diet of Ratisbon (March, 1623) Frederick was deprived of his territories, Duke Maximilian receiving the Palatinate. Ferdinand, whose succession to the throne of Bohemia was thus secured, had now a favorable opportunity of conclud- ing a peace, but his continued intolerance toward the Protestants caused them to seek foreign assistance, and a new period of war began. Christian IV. of Den- mark, induced partly by religious zeal and partly by the hope of an acquisition of territory, came to the aid of his Ger- man coreligionists (1624), and being joined by Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick, advanced into Lower Sax- ony. There they were met by Wallen- stein, Duke of Friedland, who in 1626 defeated Mansfeld at Dessau, while Til- ly was also successful in driving Chris- tian back to Denmark. In the peace of Lubeck which followed (May, 1629)