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THOMSON 367 THOMSON" holic stimulants he used to relieve it. His best-known work is "The City of Dreadful Night" (1870-1874); others of high quality are: "The Doom of a City" (1857), and "Our Ladies of Death" (1861). He died in London, England, June 3, 1882. THOMSON, JOSEPH, an English ex- plorer; born in Penpont, Scotland, Feb. 14, 1858; was educated at Edinburgh. When 20 years of age he accompanied Keith Johnston to Central Africa, assuming full charge of the expedition on the death of Mr. Johnston, In 1882 he explored the Royuma river in East Africa, and in 1884 made an important journey through Masai Land, in East Equatorial Africa. Among his other achievements are an expedition to the Atlas mountains, and one to the River Niger. He published: "Through Masai Land," "To the Central African Lakes and Back," "Travels in the Atlas, and Southern Morocco," "Life of Mungo Park," etc. He died in London, Aug. 2, 1895. THOMSON, T. KENNARD, an Ameri- can consulting engineer, bom in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1864. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1886, then be- gan an extensive experience in bridge, railroad and foundation work. He was retained for the foundation work in the Commercial Cable building, the Life, United States Express, the Singer and the Municipal buildings in New York City. He was consulting engineer of the Barge canal, and has designed bridges to be built over the Niagara to com- memorate the victory of the World War. THOMSON, THOMAS, a Scotch chem- ist; born in Crieff, Scotland, April 12, 1773. He adopted the medical profes- sion, specializing on chemistry. In 1802 he published "System of Chemistry," which obtained rapid success both in Great Britain and on the Continent. It was followed in 1810 by his "Elements of Chemistry," and in 1812 by his "His- tory of the Royal Society." In 1813 he went to London and commenced there a scientific journal, the "Annals of Phi- losophy." The lectureship (afterward the regius professorship) in chemistry in Glasgow university was conferred on him in 1817. His great work on the atomic theory was published in 1825, under the title of "Attempt to Establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment." In 1830-1831 he published his "History of Chemistry" in two volumes, and in 1836 appeared his "Outlines of Mineral- ogy." He died in Kilmun, July 2, 1852. THOMSON, THOMAS, a Scotch anti- quary; brother of John Thomson; bom in Dailly, Scotland, in 1768. H<» was called to the Scotch bar in 1793, ap- pointed deputy clerk register 1806, and principal clerk of session in 1828. He was one of the founders of the "Edin- burgh Review" and president of the Bannatyne Club, for which and for the Maitland Club he edited numerous valu- able works. He died near Edinburgh, Oct. 2, 1852. THOMSON, WILLIAM, an English clergyman; born in Whitehaven, Eng- land, Feb. 11, 1819; was educated at Shrewsbury School and Queen's College, Oxford, of which he was successively fellow, tutor, and head. In 1858 he was chosen preacher of Lincoln's Inn, and in 1859 was appointed one of her majesty's chaplains in ordinary. Two years later (1861) he was raised to the Episcopal bench as Bishop of Gloucester and Bris- tol; but before he had held the appoint- ment a year, he was transferred to the archbishopric of York. Dr. Thomson was author of a number of works, in- cluding: "An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought"; "The Atoning Work of Christ, viewed in Relation to some Current Theories"; "Crime and Its Ex- cuses"; "Life in Light of God's Word" (sermons); "Limits of Philosophical In- quiry"; "Design in Nature"; and a series of essays entitled "Word, Work, and Will." He died in York, England, Dec. 25, 1890. THOMSON, SIB WILLIAM, LORD KELVIN, a British scientist; born in Belfast, Ireland, June 26, 1824; was edu- cated at Glasgow University and Cam- bridge University; and was Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow after 1846. He was electrician for the Atlantic cables of 1857-1858 and 1865-1866, being knighted on the suc- cessful completion of the latter; was elec- trical engineer for the French cable (1869), the Brazilian and River Plata cable (1873), the West Indian cables (1875), and the Mackay-Bennett Atlan- tic cable (1879). He invented the mirror galvanometer and siphon recorder for submarine telegraphy, and various kinds of apparatus for navigation and deep-sea exploration. His scientific papers have been published under the titles "Reprints of Papers on Electrostatics and Mag- netism" (1872); "Mathematical and Physical Papers" (1882-1890); "Popular Lectures and Addresses"; "On Heat"; "On Elasticity." In 1867, in collabora- tion with Professor Tait of Edinburgh, he issued his first volume of "A Trea- tise on Natural Philosophy" (2d ed. in 2 parts, 1879). From 1846 to 1853 he was editor of the "Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal"; and also con-