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TIMOTHY 406 TIN tian antiquity in placing the first epistle to Timothy among the Homologoumena. Modern rationalistic critics, from Schmidt and Schleiermacher to Renan, have denied its authenticity, of which, however, there have been powerful de- fenders. Various dates have been as- signed it; one of the most probable is A. D. 56. The Second Epistle of Paul the Apos- tle to Timothy. — An epistle written by St. Paul after he had become a prisoner (i: 8) in Rome (17), in bonds (ii: 9), who had been at least once judicially ex- amined and been required to make his "answer" (iv: 16), a crisis which, how- ever, ended in his being "delivered out of the mouth of the lion" [Nero (?)] (iv: 17). Commencing by expressing his love for Timothy, and his earnest desire to see him (i: 1-5), he exhorts him to steadfastness in the faith (6-18), to har- diness and unworldliness (ii: 1-7), to the avoidance of frivolous and entangling questions, to purity (ii: 8-23), and to meekness under provocation (24-26). His counsels are all the more fervent that many have deserted him for heresy or the world (i: 15, ii: 17, iv: 10), and he foresaw that a general impatience of sound doctrine was destined to appear (iii: 1-17, iv: 1-4). A certain air of sadness pervades the epistle, but the writer looks forward to his probably near martyrdom in tranquil trust in his Re- deemer whom he had served so long and so well (iv: 6-8). He closes with sundry greetings and with the benediction. The evidence for the authenticity of the epis- tle is the same as that for the previous letter. Two dates assigned it are A. D. 63, and July or August A. D. 65. It seems to have been the last of St. Paul's epistles. TIMOTHY GRASS (Phleum pra- tense), hard coarse grass with cylindri- cal spikes from 2 to 6 inches long. It is used mixed with other grasses for permanent pasture, and grows best in tenacious soils. It is extensively culti- vated throughout Great Britain, and also in North America. Timothy Hanson first recommended it, hence its name. Swine refuse it. TIMROD, HENRY, an American poet; born in Charleston, S. C, Dec. 8, 1829. His only volume of "Poems" was published in 1860; reprinted and edited with memoir by Paul H. Hayne, 1873. He died in Columbia, S. C, Oct. 6, 1867. TIMTTR (te-mor'), called also TiMUB Beg and Timur Lenk (that is, Timur the Lame), and, by corruption, Tamerlane, a celebrated Oriental conqueror, of Mon- gol or Tartar race; born in the territory of Kesh, near Samarcand, in 1336. His ancestors were chiefs of the district, and Timur by his energy and abilities raised himself to be ruler of all Turkestan (1370). By degrees he conquered Persia and the whole of Central Asia, and ex- tended his power from the great wall of C)hina to Moscow. He invaded India (1398), which he conquered from the Indus to the mouths of the Ganges, mas- sacring, it is said, on one occasion 100,- 000 prisoners. On his way from India to meet the forces of Bajazet, the Tur- kish sultan, he subjugated Bagdad, plun- dered Aleppo, burned down the greater part of Damascus, and wrested Syria from the Mamelukes, after which he overran Asia Minor with an immense army. Bajazet's army was completely defeated on the plain of Ancyra (An- gora), in 1402, and the Sultan was taken prisoner. The conquests of the Tartar now extended from the Irtish and Volga to the Persian Gulf, and from the Ganges to the Grecian Archipelago. He was making mighty preparations for an in- vasion of China when death arrested his progress at his camp at Otrar, beyond the Sir-Daria, in 1405, and his empire immediately fell to pieces. He is the re- puted author of the "Institutions of Ti- mur" and the "Autobiography of Timur," both translated into English. He is the hero of Marlowe's "Tamburlaine." TIN, in chemistry, a white, metallic, easily fusible metal, not much affected by exposure to dry or moist air at ordinary temperatures, but becoming oxidized su- perficially when heated, burning with a brilliant flame if the temperature be raised sufficientlv high. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, with the evolution of hydrogen, forming hydrated chloride of tin. Strong nitric acid acts on it vio- lently, producing an insoluble hydrated binoxide of the metal, a considerable amount of ammonia being formed at the same time by the decomposition of the water and nitric acid present. Cold dilute sulphuric acid has no action on it, but if the concentrated acid be used the metal is converted into the sulphate, while sul- phurous acid escapes. Hot dilute sul- phuric acid also converts it into sulphate of tin, hydrogen being evolved. The tin which is imported from Banca is nearly pure; that made in England generally contains small quantities of arsenic, cop- per, iron, and lead. In its chemical char- acteristics, tin has but few alliances. In some of its properties, however, it seems related to tantalum and titanium. Its chemical combinations are numerous